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The main goal of distribution network operator is to establish a balance between supply and demand at the lowest cost while considering the technical constraints. Nowadays, distribution network operators exploit various types of flexibilities to minimise operational costs. However, each flexibility resource has its own technical and economic characteristics. This paper proposes a day‐ahead energy dispatch model which allows the distribution network operator to minimise the energy procurement costs on an hourly basis. The developed model considers various flexibility resources such as renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, demand response, optimal distribution system reconfiguration, and on‐load tap changers optimal settings. The proposed model is formulated as a convex mixed‐integer second‐order conic programming model. It is implemented on the IEEE standard 33‐bus and 70‐bus radial systems to demonstrate its capabilities. The obtained numerical results substantiate the role of distributed energy resources in energy procurement cost reduction, while the impact of distribution system reconfiguration and on‐load tap changers on voltage profile improvement.
This work presents a comprehensive set of steady state models to be included in power flow simulation studies of DC railway networks. This simulation framework covers all important aspects and features of each element of modern DC railways. The proposed models are simplified to achieve the maximum simulation speed while keeping the required accuracy. Not only non-reversible, controlled and uncontrolled reversible substations are considered, but also on-board and off-board accumulation systems. The train model can consider the low network receptivity (overvoltage protection for trains equipped with regenerative braking) and overcurrent protection. It is also possible to include in the simulation DC/DC links between nodes of the railway network at the same or different voltage. To date, there is no other work able to conjugate all the mentioned models in a complex multi-train scenario.
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