Analysis of risk factors for dry eye disease and effect of diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution on the tear film after vitrectomy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a preliminary study

Symptomatic Dry Eye Disease and Associated Factors Among Adult Diabetic Patients in Adare General Hospital, Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia, 2023

“…52 The odds of symptomatic dry eye disease for those participants with a duration of diabetes since diagnosis of 6-10 years and ≥11 years were 2.33 and 3.57 times higher than those participants with a duration of diabetes ≤5 years, respectively. This result was in line with the studies conducted in China, 5,6 Albania, 17 Iran, 23 India, [18][19][20][21]40 Pakistan, 22 and Egypt. 15 The impact of diabetes on the ocular surface is directly proportional to the duration of DM; that means as the duration of diabetes increases, diabetes could damage the accessory lacrimal gland, which leads to a reduction of basic tear secretion and instability of tear film, which facilitate the occurrence of dry eye disease in diabetic patients.…”

“…4 DMassociated dry eye disease is caused by altered enzyme metabolism and decreased mucin secretion, dysfunction of the lacrimal gland and tear fluid due to diabetic neuropathy, and dysfunction of the meibomian glands, which leads to tear film instability by reducing the quantity and quality of the lipid layer of the precorneal tear film. 5 Evidence has shown that the increasing number of diabetic patients worldwide is one of the contributing factors to increase the prevalence of symptomatic dry eye, 6 and the prevalence of dry eye disease in diabetics ranges from 20.6% to 54.3%. [7][8][9][10] In Ethiopia, the prevalence of symptomatic dry eye was 50.5% on postgraduate students in University of Gondar, 11 49.5% on undergraduate students in Hawassa University 12 and 43% on Glaucoma patients in Menelik II tertiary hospital.…”

“…Reports showed that older age, 5 female sex, 6 poor glycemic control, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] long duration of diabetes, 5,6,15,[20][21][22][23] peripheral diabetic neuropathy, 5,24 use of artificial tears, 25 diabetic retinopathy, 15,23,24,26,27 and a history of cataract surgery 5 were significantly associated with dry eye disease in diabetic patients.…”