Analysis of rotorcraft wind turbine wake encounters using piloted simulation

Štrbac, Alexander; Martini, Tanja; Greiwe, Daniel Heinrich; Hoffmann, Frauke; Jones, Michael

doi:10.1007/s13272-021-00495-w

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The first wind speed V W corresponds to the expected strong blade tip vortices. WTs reach the maximum initial blade tip vortex circulation Γ 0 in the region of the rated wind speed V W,Ω max [8], which is reached at a medium wind speed of V W = 11.3 m/s for the considered WT. The other potentially critical wind speed was chosen as V W = 25.0 m/s to represent extreme weather conditions.…”

Section: Operational Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Furthermore, the helicopter model contains additional features, such as an interface for unsteady airwake data to simulate local aerodynamic effects such as wakes from rotating WTs [8]. Unsteady CFD-generated airwake data were superimposed on 43 distributed airload computation points (ACPs, Figure 13) of the helicopter model in total, using spatial and temporal linear interpolation, during the piloted simulation.…”

Section: Helicopter Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the HeliOW project (helicopter offshore wind) has been established to assess the suitability of the German regulations to protecting helicopters form potential safety risks. It is a collaborative national research project which includes in situ measurements of WT wakes with unmanned aircraft systems (University of Tübingen [1]), high-fidelity computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of WT wakes (University of Stuttgart [2][3][4][5]), desktop helicopter simulations with mutual interaction between WT wake and helicopter (Technical University of Munich [6,7]) and piloted helicopter simulations in a research flight simulator with a superposition method (DLR [8]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first extensive piloted simulation of transit flights in offshore farms has been performed by the authors of [8], based on flow fields from the SWM and subjective pilot rating scales. WT vortex encounters of a EC135 helicopter without any stability systems (e.g., SAS) have been examined for different airspeeds and WTs with a nominal power up to 20 MW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Piloted Simulation of the Rotorcraft Wind Turbine Wake Interaction during Hover and Transit Flights

et al. 2022

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Helicopters are used for offshore wind farms for maintenance and support flights. The number of helicopter operations is increasing with the expansion of offshore wind energy, which stresses the point that the current German regulations have not yet been validated through scientific analysis. A collaborative research project between DLR, the Technical University of Munich, the University of Stuttgart and the University of Tübingen has been conducted to examine the sizes of the flight corridors on offshore wind farms and the lateral safety clearance for helicopter hoist operations at offshore wind turbines. This paper details the results of piloted helicopter simulations in a realistic offshore wind farm scenario. The far-wake of rotating wind turbines and the near-wake of non-rotating wind turbines have been simulated with high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics under realistic turbulent inflow conditions. The resulting flow fields have been processed by superposition during piloted simulations in the research flight simulator AVES to examine the flight corridors in transit flights and the lateral safety clearance in hovering flights. The results suggest a sufficient size for the flight corridor and sufficient lateral safety clearance at the offshore wind turbines in the considered scenarios.

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Section: Operational Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Helicopter Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Piloted Simulation of the Rotorcraft Wind Turbine Wake Interaction during Hover and Transit Flights

et al. 2022

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“…The simulator uses the real time helicopter flight model HeliWorX. 39,40 All simulator applications are based on the in-house developed real-time framework 2Simulate. 41,42 The highly customizable and self-supported distributed simulator architecture enables uncomplicated integration of new systems into the simulator.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flying a helicopter with the HoloLens as head-mounted display

Walko

Maibach

2021

Opt. Eng.

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We describe the flight testing and the integration process of the Microsoft HoloLens 2 as head-mounted display (HMD) with DLR's research helicopter. In the previous work, the HoloLens was integrated into a helicopter simulator. Now, while migrating the HoloLens into a real helicopter, the main challenge was the head tracking of the HoloLens, because it is not designed to operate on moving vehicles. Therefore, the internal head tracking is operated in a limited rotation-only mode, and resulting drift errors are compensated for with an external tracker, several of which have been tested in advance. The fusion is done with a Kalman filter, which contains a non-linear weighting. Internal tracking errors of the HoloLens caused by vehicle accelerations are mitigated with a system identification approach. For calibration, the virtual world is manually aligned using the helicopter's noseboom. The external head tracker (EHT) is largely automatically calibrated using an optimization approach and therefore, works for all trackers and regardless of its mounting positions on vehicle and head. Most of the pretests were carried out in a car, which indicates the flexibility in terms of vehicle type. The flight tests have shown that the overall quality of this HMD solution is very good. The conformal holograms are almost jitter-free, there is no latency, and errors of lower frequencies are identical with the performance that the EHT can provide, which in combination greatly improves immersion. Profiting from almost all features of the HoloLens 2 is a major advantage, especially for rapid research and development. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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An overall evaluation toolchain for assessing helicopter ship deck landings

Kalra,

Maibach,

Štrbac

2024

CEAS Aeronaut J

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A compact toolchain is implemented for the control system design for helicopter ship deck landings in a simulated environment which provides a cost-efficient and safe environment to test different scenarios. The evaluation of the ship deck landing manoeuvres is mostly performed for Ship Helicopter Operation Limits (SHOL) evaluation and performance of the helicopter. In most of the assessments, a subjective assessment is performed using different pilot rating scales which is not sufficient and the objective assessment of the simulation data for the mission success itself is seldom performed. The developed toolchain evaluates the successful operation of ship-based rotorcraft by considering both ship and helicopter dynamics, environmental conditions, and the pilot’s responses. The toolchain evaluates various touchdown conditions like helicopter position, velocity and attitude relative to the ship deck. It also displays additional evaluation parameters for the entire approach. A preliminary pilot study was performed in a simulator within a complete maritime scenario design. The maritime simulation environment includes a nonlinear helicopter flight model with a model-based flight control system, a ship dynamic model with the simulated turbulent air wake and realistic wave and water effects. For a subjective assessment of the ship deck landings, subjective pilot ratings using different rating scales were recorded during the pilot study. Simulation results show that the toolchain is convenient and well suited for assessing helicopter ship deck landing performance in a simulation environment as it provides a complete objective and subjective evaluation.

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Analysis of rotorcraft wind turbine wake encounters using piloted simulation

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Piloted Simulation of the Rotorcraft Wind Turbine Wake Interaction during Hover and Transit Flights

Piloted Simulation of the Rotorcraft Wind Turbine Wake Interaction during Hover and Transit Flights

Flying a helicopter with the HoloLens as head-mounted display

An overall evaluation toolchain for assessing helicopter ship deck landings

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