Analysis of HLA‐G Polymorphisms in Couples with Implantation Failure

Abstract

The results suggest that the distribution of HLA-G products may play a significant role in the modulation of maternal-fetal immune response.

Temporal Variation in Soluble Human Leukocyte Antigen‐G (sHLA‐G) and Pregnancy‐Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP‐A) in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and in Controls

“…HLA‐G downregulation is a prognostic marker for obstetric complications such as fetal growth restriction and spontaneous abortions . Significantly, lower concentrations of sHLA‐G were found in preeclamptic pregnancies with respect to the controls, when measured at the first, second, and third trimester, and this was recently correlated with oxidative stress .…”

Associations between Individual and Combined Polymorphisms of the TNF and VEGF Genes and the Embryo Implantation Rate in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Programs

“…To date, more than 20 reports have described a variety of genetic variants associated or not with the risk of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) in patients undergoing IVF, comparing alleles frequencies between patients with RIF and control group (Table S1). These risk factors include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for tumour suppressor protein 53 [10]–[12], follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) [13], [14], methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) [15]–[17], human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) [18], [19], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [20], [21], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI) [20], progesterone receptor (PR) [22], [23], and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [24], serotonin transporter (SERT) and serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A) [25]. Moreover, it was recently suggested that the implantation process depends on combinations of several genetic and environmental factors.…”

Is HLA‐E a possible genetic marker relevant for natural conception?

“…The HLA‐G gene has already been studied by our research group in different context of reproductive immunogenetics (assisted reproduction treatment, implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage) with results published by Costa et al ,. by Nardi et al . and by Vargas et al …”