Analysis of selected phytotoxins and mycotoxins in environmental samples

Hoerger, Corinne C.; Schenzel, Judith; Strobel, Bjarne W.; Bucheli, Thomas D.

doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3088-y

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…The acute toxicity of BEA on freeze-dried bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio f isheri was measured by bacterial bioluminescence assay and reported to be moderate with an EC 50 of 94 ± 9 μg/mL. 49 As a consequence of the here presented study, we consider it advisible to investigate the environmental exposure of natural toxins, such as mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and various plant toxins, 50 in further detail, because these compounds add to the mixture of many already known aquatic micropollutants, 51 while their ecotoxicological risk is by far less evaluated.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Mycotoxins in the Environment: I. Production and Emission from an Agricultural Test Field

Schenzel

Forrer

Vogelgsang

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are naturally produced by fungi which infest and contaminate agricultural crops and commodities (e.g., small grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, and organic soil material). Although these compounds have extensively been studied in food and feed, only little is known about their environmental fate. Therefore, we investigated over nearly two years the occurrence of various mycotoxins in a field cropped with winter wheat of the variety Levis, which was artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp., as well as their emission via drainage water. Mycotoxins were regularly quantified in whole wheat plants (0.1-133 mg/kg(dry weight), for deoxynivalenol), and drainage water samples (0.8 ng/L to 1.14 μg/L, for deoxynivalenol). From the mycotoxins quantified in wheat (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenone-X, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, beauvericin, and zearalenone), only the more hydrophilic ones or those prevailing at high concentrations were detected in drainage water. Of the total amounts produced in wheat plants (min: 2.3; max: 292 g/ha/y), 0.5-354 mg/ha/y, i.e. 0.002-0.12%, were emitted via drainage water. Hence, these compounds add to the complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic micropollutants particularly in small rural water bodies, receiving mainly runoff from agricultural areas.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Mycotoxins in the Environment: I. Production and Emission from an Agricultural Test Field

Schenzel

Forrer

Vogelgsang

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Although only a few studies have investigated the occurrence of mycotoxins in aqueous environmental samples, a prevalence of DON comparatively to other mycotoxins, namely ZEA, has been reported in other studies (Kolpin et al 2014, b). Aquatic environmental sources of mycotoxins are non-point sources, such as the release from infected plants, namely cereals (e.g., wheat and corn) and manure from exposed livestock (Hoerger et al 2009;Kalac 2011;Cunha and Fernandes 2010;Castillo et al 2008;Brenn-Struckhofova et al 2009;Schenzel et al 2012). The presence of mycotoxins during spring and summer are in accordance with the local agricultural practices and the seasons of growing and resting of cereals.…”

Section: Natural Contaminants Concentration and Potential Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although they act as cancer-protective substances, the estrogenic activity and induction of vitellogenin in male fish was described for sitosterol (SIT) (Ryokkynen et al 2006;Gilman et al 2003). Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi present in several cereals, fruits, vegetables and soils (Hoerger et al 2009). Deoxynivalenol (DON), a representative mycotoxin of the trichothecene B group, is one of the most widespread cereal contaminant worldwide.…”

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confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Natural Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Douro River Estuary, Portugal

Ribeiro

Maia

Santos

et al. 2015

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Many studies demonstrated the presence of diverse environmental contaminants in the Douro River estuary, such as natural and synthetic estrogens, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds and pesticides. This estuary is located between two densely populated cities and is highly impacted due to anthropogenic activities, such as industry and agriculture. Although the presence of mycotoxins and phytoestrogens, such as lignans and coumestrans, in the aquatic environment is reported by some authors, their occurrence in Portuguese waters was not investigated yet. To evaluate the presence of phytoestrogens, phytosterols and mycotoxins in Douro River estuary, water samples were collected seasonally at nine sampling points, preconcentrated by solid phase extraction and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Local flora was collected on the riverside, in the same sampling points, for identification and evaluation of the possible relation to the presence of phytoestrogens and/or phytosterols in the estuarine water. Results showed the ubiquitous presence of mycotoxins, namely deoxynivalenol up to 373.5 ng L(-1). Both phytoestrogens and phytosterols showed a possible seasonal fluctuation, which is in accordance to the life cycle of the local flora and agricultural practices. Physicochemical parameters were also determined for water quality evaluation. This study revealed for the first time the presence of mycotoxins and lignans in estuarine waters from Portugal, and highlights the need to consider natural contaminants in future monitoring programs.

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“…The presence of mycotoxins in surface water and drinking water has rarely been investigated. Several mycotoxins have been detected in the environment, that is, soil and water systems, and in drinking water (Aflatoxins B2 and G2, zearalenone, trichothecenes, fumonisins and ochratoxin A) (Gromadzka et al 2009;Hoerger et al 2009), which could potentially represent another way in which mycotoxins could threaten human health. There are, to our knowledge, no records of patulin contamination of drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two rapid assays for screening of patulin biodegradation

Wright

Felice

Ianiri

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The mycotoxin patulin is produced by the blue mould pathogen Penicillium expansum in rotting apples during postharvest storage. Patulin is toxic to a wide range of organisms, including humans, animals, fungi and bacteria. Wash water from apple packing and processing houses often harbours patulin and fungal spores, which can contaminate the environment. Ubiquitous epiphytic yeasts, such as Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain LS11 which is a biocontrol agent of P. expansum in apples, have the capacity to resist the toxicity of patulin and to biodegrade it. Two non-toxic products are formed. One is desoxypatulinic acid. The aim of the work was to develop rapid, high-throughput bioassays for monitoring patulin degradation in multiple samples. Escherichia coli was highly sensitive to patulin, but insensitive to desoxypatulinic acid. This was utilized to develop a detection test for patulin, replacing time-consuming thin layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. Two assays for patulin degradation were developed, one in liquid medium and the other in semi-solid medium. Both assays allow the contemporary screening of a large number of samples. The liquid medium assay utilizes 96-well microtiter plates and was optimized for using a minimum of patulin. The semisolid medium assay has the added advantage of slowing down the biodegradation, which allows the study and isolation of transient degradation products. The two assays are complementary and have several areas of utilization, from screening a bank of microorganisms for biodegradation ability to the study of biodegradation pathways.

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Analysis of selected phytotoxins and mycotoxins in environmental samples

Cited by 48 publications

References 180 publications

Mycotoxins in the Environment: I. Production and Emission from an Agricultural Test Field

Mycotoxins in the Environment: I. Production and Emission from an Agricultural Test Field

Occurrence of Natural Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Douro River Estuary, Portugal

Two rapid assays for screening of patulin biodegradation

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