Analysis of Simulated and Measured Indoor Channels for mm-Wave Beamforming Applications

Abstract

Ray tracing-(RT-) assisted beamforming, where beams are directly steered to dominant paths tracked by ray tracing simulations, is a promising beamforming strategy, since it avoids the time-consuming exhaustive beam searching adopted in conventional beam steering strategies. The performance of RT-assisted beamforming depends directly on how accurate the spatial profiles of the radio environment can be predicted by the RT simulation. In this paper, we investigate how ray tracing-assisted beamforming performs in both poorly furnished and richly furnished indoor environments. Single-user beamforming performance was investigated using both single beam and multiple beams, with two different power allocation schemes applied to multibeamforming. Channel measurements were performed at 28-30 GHz using a vector network analyzer equipped with a biconical antenna as the transmit antenna and a rotated horn antenna as the receive antenna. 3D ray tracing simulations were carried out in the same replicated propagation environments. Based on measurement and ray tracing simulation data, it is shown that RT-assisted beamforming performs well both for single and multibeamforming in these two representative indoor propagation environments.

Geometry-Based Clustering Characteristics for Outdoor Measurements at 28–30 GHz

“…Besides reflection, diffraction and transmission, diffuse scattering adopting an effective roughness model is also included. The accuracy of the RT tool has been validated in various indoor and outdoor scenarios [13]- [15]. For the simplicity of the simulations, only the outlines of the buildings and the bicycle shelter are modeled.…”

Review on Ray Tracing Channel Simulation Accuracy in Sub-6 GHz Outdoor Deployment Scenarios

“…dynamic RT [100], where dynamic scenarios can be simulated at significantly reduced computational time compared to conventional RT. Real time RT is further required in applications such as RT assisted beamforming, where beamforming weights are obtained from RT simulations [101].…”

On Angular Sampling Intervals for Reconstructing Wideband Channel Spatial Profiles in Directional Scanning Measurements

“…Once the wideband spatial profile is reconstructed, all the channel parameters can be calculated and compared with the target channel parameters. The calculation of the total received power, delay characteristics (mean delay and delay spread) and angle characteristics (mean angle and angle spread) is referred to [20], [21] and not detailed here. The deviations of channel parameters between the target (i.e.…”