Analysis of a bedding rock slope model with a structural surface that connects a splay fracture and penetrates through the slope was conducted based on the strength reduction method to study the dynamic response and deformation process of a rock slope-containing surface. The critical state of the bedding rock slope was estimated using the trend of the key point displacement time history curve. The safety factor and sliding surface were also estimated by the displacement vector diagram of the instable slope. The calculated results were verified by obtaining the safety factor and sliding surface through the displacement vector diagram method used in this paper and comparing them with those obtained using the limit equilibrium method. A preliminary analysis on the effects of the slope height, slope gradient, and bedding inclination on the safety factors of the bedding rock slope under dynamic loading was conducted with the finite difference analysis software, FLAC 3D. Results showed a slight difference between the safety factors of the two different methods, and the sliding surface was consistent with one another in the location, indicating that the method used in this paper was appropriate. The dynamic safety factors of the bedding rock slope gradually decreased with the increase of slope height, significantly decreased with the increase of bedding inclination, and began to stabilize after a dramatic decrease with the increase of slope gradient. Findings offer solid guidance for time-history analysis on the dynamic stability of the rock slope encountering severe earthquakes and long-term stability analysis of the bedding rock slope under dynamic loading.