Analysis of social gameplay macros in the Foldit cookbook

Cooper, Seth; Khatib, Firas; Makedon, Ilya; Lü, Hao; Barbero, Janos; Baker, David; Fogarty, James; Popović, Zoran; Players, Foldit

doi:10.1145/2159365.2159367

Cited by 63 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Additionally, there is the advantage of an untapped expertise of the crowd. Even though these crowdsourced projects are not asking scientific experts to participate, participants have been found to be experts at puzzles and problem solving, which would make them specifically adept at solving protein structures in Foldit 12,13,[17][18][19]21 and solving multiple sequence alignment with Phylo. 23 Presumably, among members of the public one could find experts at many different tasks, especially when the task is presented as a game that benefits science.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six of these used Foldit, an online game that allows users to manipulate the three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to find the most likely tertiary structure. 12,13,[17][18][19]21 Also described was the online game Phylo, where users moved colored blocks representing different nucleotides of a gene promoter sequence around on screen in order to make the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree. 23 …”

Section: Problem Solvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crowdsourcing—Harnessing the Masses to Advance Health and Medicine, a Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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OBJECTIVE:Crowdsourcing research allows investigators to engage thousands of people to provide either data or data analysis. However, prior work has not documented the use of crowdsourcing in health and medical research. We sought to systematically review the literature to describe the scope of crowdsourcing in health research and to create a taxonomy to characterize past uses of this methodology for health and medical research. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL through March 2013. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Primary peerreviewed literature that used crowdsourcing for health research. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Two authors independently screened studies and abstracted data, including demographics of the crowd engaged and approaches to crowdsourcing. RESULTS: Twenty-one health-related studies utilizing crowdsourcing met eligibility criteria. Four distinct types of crowdsourcing tasks were identified: problem solving, data processing, surveillance/monitoring, and surveying. These studies collectively engaged a crowd of >136,395 people, yet few studies reported demographics of the crowd. Only one (5 %) reported age, sex, and race statistics, and seven (33 %) reported at least one of these descriptors. Most reports included data on crowdsourcing logistics such as the length of crowdsourcing (n=18, 86 %) and time to complete crowdsourcing task (n=15, 71 %). All articles (n=21, 100 %) reported employing some method for validating or improving the quality of data reported from the crowd. LIMITATIONS: Gray literature not searched and only a sample of online survey articles included. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS:Utilizing crowdsourcing can improve the quality, cost, and speed of a research project while engaging large segments of the public and creating novel science. Standardized guidelines are needed on crowdsourcing metrics that should be collected and reported to provide clarity and comparability in methods. INTRODUCTIONCrowdsourcing is an approach to accomplishing a task by opening up its completion to broad sections of the public. Innovation tournaments, prizes for solving an engineering problem, or paying online participants for categorizing images are examples of crowdsourcing. What ties these approaches together is that the task is outsourced with little restriction on who might participate. Despite the potential of crowdsourcing, little is known about the applications and feasibility of this approach for collecting or analyzing health and medical research data where the stakes are high for data quality and validity.One of the most celebrated crowdsourcing tasks was the prize established in 1714 by Britain's Parliament in the Longitude Act, offered to anyone who could solve the problem of identifying a ship's longitudinal position.1 The Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count began in 1900 and continues to this day as a way for "citizen scientists" to provide data that can be used for studying bird population trends.2 However, today the world has 2.3 billion Internet users an...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problem Solvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowdsourcing—Harnessing the Masses to Advance Health and Medicine, a Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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“…In 2011, it was reported that Foldit players managed to uncover a protein folding structure underlying the HIV enzyme within 3 weeks, a puzzle that had stumped professional researchers for decades. 22 Following on from this discovery, researchers have studied Foldit players to try to understand how they codify their strategies, share them and improve them Cooper et al, 2011].…”

Section: Creativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivations, learning and creativity in online citizen science

Jennett¹,

Kloetzer²,

Schneider³

et al. 2016

JCOM

135

109

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Online citizen science projects have demonstrated their usefulness for research, however little is known about the potential benefits for volunteers. We conducted 39 interviews (28 volunteers, 11 researchers) to gain a greater understanding of volunteers' motivations, learning and creativity (MLC). In our MLC model we explain that participating and progressing in a project community provides volunteers with many indirect opportunities for learning and creativity. The more aspects that volunteers are involved in, the more likely they are to sustain their participation in the project. These results have implications for the design and management of online citizen science projects. It is important to provide users with tools to communicate in order to supporting social learning, community building and sharing. AbstractCitizen science; Informal learning; Public engagement with science and technology Keywords

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“…A group of Foldit gamers managed to uncover the protein structure of a HIV enzyme that had previously stumped scientists for over a decade (Cooper et al, 2011). Tinati et al (2015) suggest that citizen-led discovery is facilitated by task workflows which encourage discussion and timely support from science team members.…”

Section: Creativity In Citizen Cybersciencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can result in new scientific discoveries that may not have been possible if not for the creative thinking of volunteers. Famous examples of this include Galaxy Zoo's "Pea Hunt" (Cardamone et al, 2009) and Foldit's HIV enzyme discovery (Cooper et al, 2011). However, could there be other kinds of creative outputs from volunteers that are less ground-breaking, but also valuable for a project's success?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creativity in Citizen Cyberscience

Jennett

Kloetzer

Cox

et al. 2016

HCj

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An interview study was conducted to explore volunteers' experiences of creativity in citizen cyberscience. Participants were recruited from 4 projects: GeoTag-X, Virtual Atom Smasher, Synthetic Biology, and Extreme Citizen Science. Ninety-six interviews were conducted in total: 86 with volunteers (citizen scientists) and 10 with professional scientists. The resulting thematic analysis revealed that volunteers are involved in a range of creative activities, such as discussing ideas, suggesting improvements, gamification, artwork, creative writing, and outreach activities. We conclude that the majority of creative products are community-related. Creativity in citizen cyberscience is a collective process: volunteers create within a project and a community, both for themselves and for others.

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Analysis of social gameplay macros in the Foldit cookbook

Cited by 63 publications

References 13 publications

Crowdsourcing—Harnessing the Masses to Advance Health and Medicine, a Systematic Review

Crowdsourcing—Harnessing the Masses to Advance Health and Medicine, a Systematic Review

Motivations, learning and creativity in online citizen science

Creativity in Citizen Cyberscience

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