Analysis of soft handover measurements in 3G network

Raivio, Kimmo

doi:10.1145/1164717.1164774

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…During the training, we used a ‘mask’ function to assign a null weight to the transmitted light variables, whereas vegetative variables were assigned a weight of unity, so that the ordination process was based on the 10 physical variables only. Setting the mask value to zero for a given component removes the effect of that component on organization (Vesanto et al ., 2000; Vesanto & Hollmen, 2003; Sirola et al ., 2004; Raivio, 2006). The values for transmitted light were thus visualized on the SOM previously trained with plant variables only.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ants mediate foliar structure and nitrogen acquisition in a tank‐bromeliad

et al. 2009

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Summary• Aechmea mertensii is a tank-bromeliad that roots on ant-gardens initiated by the ants Camponotus femoratus and Pachycondyla goeldii. Its leaves form compartments acting as phytotelmata that hold rainwater and provide habitats for invertebrates. In this article, we aimed to determine whether the association with either C. femoratus or P. goeldii influenced the vegetative traits of A. mertensii, invertebrate diversity and nutrient assimilation by the leaves.• Transmitted light, vegetative traits and phytotelmata contents were compared between the two A. mertensii ant-gardens.• Camponotus femoratus colonized partially shaded areas, whereas P. goeldii colonized exposed areas. The bromeliads' rosettes had a large canopy (C. femoratus ant-gardens), or were smaller and amphora shaped (P. goeldii ant-gardens). There were significant differences in leaf anatomy, as shaded leaves were thicker than exposed leaves. The mean volumes of water, fine particulate organic matter and detritus in C. femoratus-associated bromeliads were three to five times higher than in P. goeldii-associated bromeliads. Moreover, the highest invertebrate diversity and leaf δ 15 N values were found in C. femoratus-associated bromeliads.• This study enhances our understanding of the dynamics of biodiversity, and shows how ant-plant interactions can have trophic consequences and thus influence the architecture of the interacting plant via a complex feedback loop.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ants mediate foliar structure and nitrogen acquisition in a tank‐bromeliad

et al. 2009

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“…During the aforesaid training, we used a ''mask'' function to assign a null weight to the breeding parameters, whereas environmental variables were assigned a weight of 1 so that the ordination process was based on the environmental variables only. In addition, setting the mask value to zero for a given component removes the effect of that component on organization (Vesanto et al 2000;Vesanto and Hollmen 2003;Sirola et al 2004;Raivio 2006). The values for breeding parameters were thus visualized on the SOM previously trained with environmental variables only.…”

Section: Data Analysis and Modeling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using self-organizing maps to investigate environmental factors regulating colony size and breeding success of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)

et al. 2012

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We studied variations in the size of breeding colonies and in breeding performance of White Storks Ciconia ciconia in 2006-2008 in northeast Algeria. Each colony site was characterized using 12 environmental variables describing the physical environment, land-cover categories, and human activities, and by three demographic parameters: the number of breeding pairs, the number of pairs with chicks, and the number of fledged chicks per pair. Generalized linear mixed models and the self-organizing map algorithm (SOM, neural network) were used to investigate effects of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors on demographic parameters and on their relationships. Numbers of breeding pairs and of pairs with chicks were affected by the same environmental factors, mainly anthropogenic, which differed from those affecting the number of fledged chicks per pair. Numbers of fledged chicks per pair was not affected by colony size or by the number of nests with chicks. The categorization of the environmental variables into natural and anthropogenic, in connection with demographic parameters, was relevant to detect factors explaining variation in colony size and breeding parameters. The SOM proved a relevant tool to help determine actual dynamics in White Stork colonies, and thus to support effective conservation decisions at a regional scale. Keywords White Stork Á Ciconia ciconia Á Algeria Á Breeding performance Á Colony site Á Conservation Zusammenfassung Welche Umweltfaktoren regulieren Koloniegröße und Bruterfolg beim Weißstorch Ciconia ciconia?-der Einsatz von Selbstorganisierenden Karten Untersucht wurden Unterschiede in Brutkoloniestärke und Bruterfolg bei Weißstörchen Ciconia ciconia in Nordostalgerien, in den Jahren von 2006-2008. Jede Kolonie wurde anhand von zwölf Umweltvariablen charakterisiert, welche Auskunft über physische Umweltbedingungen, Landbedeckung und menschlichen Einfluss gaben, sowie anhand von drei demografischen Parametern: der Anzahl der Brutpaare, der Anzahl von Paaren mit Küken und der Anzahl flügger Junge pro Paar. Es wurden Generalisierte Lineare Gemischte Modelle und der Selbstorganisierende Karten-Algorithmus (Self-Organising Map, SOM, ein neuronales Netz) angewendet, um die Wirkung biotischer, abiotischer und anthropogener Faktoren auf die demografischen Parameter und die Beziehungen zwischen diesen zu untersuchen. Die Anzahl der Brutpaare und die der Paare mit Küken wurden von denselben (hauptsächlich anthropogenen) Umweltfaktoren beeinflusst. Dagegen wurde die Communicated by P. H. Becker.

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“…However, during the training, we used a mask to give a null weight to the 5 FFG variables, whereas physical and land-cover variables were given a weight of 1 so that the search for the BMU was based on the 8 physical and land-cover variables only. Setting mask value to zero for a given component (here for each of the five FFGs) removes the effect of that component on organization (Vesanto et al 2000;Vesanto and Hollmen 2003;Sirola et al 2004;Raivio 2006). The values for FFGs were thus visualized on the SOM previously trained with physical and land-cover variables only.…”

Section: Modelling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial patterns of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in streams in relation to physical variables and land-cover in Southwestern France

Compin

Céréghino

2007

Landscape Ecol

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Artificial neural networks were used to quantify the distribution of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups (FFGs) in relation to physical variables and to land-cover in the Adour-Garonne stream system (SW France; 116,000 km²). The relative abundances of five FFGs were calculated from macroinvertebrate data recorded at 165 sampling sites. Each site was characterized using 5 physical variables (elevation, stream order, stream width, distance from the source, slope) and 3 land-cover variables (% forested, % urban areas, % agricultural areas). The sites were first classified using the Self-Organizing Map algorithm (SOM), according to the physical and land-cover variables. Two major clusters of sites corresponded to anthropogenically-modified and natural areas, respectively. Anthropogenically-modified areas were clearly divided into agricultural and urban landscapes. Each major cluster was divided into 3-4 subsets of sites according to a topographic gradient of physical variables. To examine the variability of the communities, FFG proportions at the 165 sites were examined on the SOM trained with physical and land-cover variables. When the riverine landscape was natural, FFG patterns responded to the upstream-downstream gradient in physical variables. When the landscape was altered by agriculture or urbanization, the effects of land-cover on FFGs overcame the influence of the physical variables. The categorization of the landscape into forested, agricultural, and urban areas was relevant to detect changes in FFG patterns. In light of increasing development along riparian zones, the use of SOMs to detect responses of FFGs to landscape alterations at regional scales exemplifies an effective technique for assessing river health based on ecological indicator groups.

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Analysis of soft handover measurements in 3G network

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Ants mediate foliar structure and nitrogen acquisition in a tank‐bromeliad

Ants mediate foliar structure and nitrogen acquisition in a tank‐bromeliad

Using self-organizing maps to investigate environmental factors regulating colony size and breeding success of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)

Spatial patterns of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in streams in relation to physical variables and land-cover in Southwestern France

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