“…These include: infrared spectroscopy (de Lira et al 2010; Gracia et al 2011), spectrophotometry (Prasad et al 1987; Capitán-Vallvey, Valencia, and Nicolás 2004), and liquid chromatography (Perrin and Meyer 2002; Saad et al 2007; Tarola, Milano, and Giannetti 2007; Wang et al 2012, 2014). These techniques may be incorporated with electrochemical detection, mass spectrometry, or gas chromatography (Ivanovic, Guernet-Nivaud, and Guernet 1990; González, Gallego, and Valcárcel 1999; González, Gallego, and Valcárcel 1999; Guan et al 2006; Delgado-Zamarreno et al 2007; Dytkiewitz and Morlock 2008; Seiss et al 2009; del Nogal Sánchez et al 2010; Loegel et al 2014). Generally, infrared spectroscopy responds to all components in lubricant, including the base stock.…”