Analysis of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability in frail, pre-frail, and non-frail elderly patients: The relationship between frailty syndrome and blood pressure variability in the elderly

Abstract

Frailty can change the prognosis and treatment approach of chronic diseases. We, therefore, conducted this study to explore the relationship between frailty syndrome and blood pressure variability in the elderly. The clinical data of 150 elderly patients with debilitating syndrome admitted to the neurology department of our hospital from May 2021 to May 2022 were selected, and they were grouped according to Fried debilitation scale and divided into 50 cases each in the debilitation group, pre-debilitation group, and no-debilitation group. The general data, co-morbidities, medications, and biochemical indexes were collected. The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed in each group, and the mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, nocturnal systolic load value, and diastolic load value were analyzed to determine the relationship between blood pressure variability and senile frailty. Serum albumin (ALB) and high-density lipoprotein were significantly lower in the debilitated and pre-debilitated groups than in the non-debilitated group (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR]: 3.910, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.021–5.402) was a risk factor for frailty in the elderly, and serum ALB (OR: 0.656, 95% CI: 0.110–0.960) and HDL (OR: 0.581, 95% CI: 0.237–0.944) were protective factors for frailty in the elderly. Age, type of medication taken, co-morbidities, serum ALB, and HDL are influencing factors of debilitating syndrome. Serum ALB and HDL are protective factors against debilitating syndrome in the elderly. Age is an independent risk factor of debilitation in the elderly and increased fluctuation of blood pressure in the elderly can increase their risk of developing debilitating syndrome.

Intervention of hypertension by acupuncture‐related therapies: A network meta‐analysis

“…Twenty studies reported a reduction in blood pressure (Chen, 2019; Chen & Niu, 2019; Ding et al., 2021; Dong et al., 2017; Gu et al., 2020; He, 2018; Huang, 2018; Huang et al., 2011; Li, Gu, & Lu, 2019; Li, Sun, et al., 2019; Lin et al., 2021; Liu & Shi, 2017; Wan et al., 2012; Wang, 2018, 2020; Wu & Feng, 2003; Yin et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2018; Zhang, 2016; Zheng et al., 2017; Zou et al., 2020), and nine interventions were analysed in a network graph centred on medication, forming three triangular closed loops: medication‐medication + moxibustion‐medication + auricular pressure, medication‐medication + moxibustion‐medication + auricular pressure + moxibustion, medication + moxibustion‐medication + auricular pressure‐medication + moxibustion + auricular pressure (Figure 3b). Based on the probability analysis in Figure 4b, medication + moxibustion + acupuncture had the highest volume of 100% curve under the surface, making it the most effective intervention for systolic pressure reduction in the clinical treatment of high blood pressure.…”

“…In the 24 included studies, there were three articles published in English (Huang et al, 2020;Termklinchan et al, 2019;Yin et al, 2007) and 21 in Chinese (Chen, 2019;Ding et al, 2021;Dong et al, 2017;Gu et al, 2020;He, 2018;Huang, 2018;Huang et al, 2011;Li, Gu, & Lu, 2019;Li, Sun, et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2021;Liu & Shi, 2017;Wan et al, 2012;Wang, 2018Wang, , 2020Wu & Feng, 2003;Yu et al, 2018;Zhang, 2016;Zheng et al, 2017;Zhou, 2013;Zhou & Han, 2015;Zou et al, 2020). Fourteen articles were published in the past 5 years.…”

“…Twenty studies reported a reduction in blood pressure (Chen, 2019;Chen & Niu, 2019;Ding et al, 2021;Dong et al, 2017;Gu et al, 2020;He, 2018;Huang, 2018;Huang et al, 2011;Li, Gu, & Lu, 2019;Li, Sun, et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2021;Liu & Shi, 2017;Wan et al, 2012;Wang, 2018Wang, , 2020Wu & Feng, 2003;Yin et al, 2007;Yu et al, 2018;Zhang, 2016;Zheng et al, 2017;Zou et al, 2020),…”

“…Twenty studies (Chen, 2019;Chen & Niu, 2019;Ding et al, 2021;Dong et al, 2017;Gu et al, 2020;He, 2018;Huang, 2018;Huang et al, 2011;Li, Gu, & Lu, 2019;Li, Sun, et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2021;Liu & Shi, 2017;Wan et al, 2012;Wang, 2018;Wang, 2020;Wu & Feng, 2003;Yin et al, 2007;Yu et al, 2018;Zhang, 2016;Zheng et al, 2017;Zou et al, 2020) of the curve under the surface, for decreasing diastolic blood pressure with the greatest potential. This was followed by medication + acupuncture, medication + electroacupuncture, medication + auricular pressure + moxibustion, medication + auricular pressure, medication + moxibustion, acupuncture, medication and sham acupuncture.…”