Analysis of tail regeneration in the lizard <i>Lygosoma laterale</i>. I. Initiation of regeneration and cartilage differentiation: The role of ependyma

Simpson, Sidney B.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1051140305

Cited by 97 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In contrast, the ventricular cells of adult anamniotes retain considerable proliferative ability (Simpson, 1964;Egar and Singer, 1972;Nordlander and Singer, 1978;Singer et al, 1979;Anderson et al, 1983) and appear to contribute to the neural regeneration seen in these animals. Simpson (1964), for example, found that, if this region has been destroyed, the tail of the lizard Lygosoma does not regrow after amputation.…”

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confidence: 71%

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Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Dervan¹,

Roberts²

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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After transection, the spinal cord of the eel Anguilla quickly regrows and reconnects, and function recovers. We describe here the changes in the central canal region that accompany this regeneration by using serial semithin plastic sections and immunohistochemistry. The progress of axonal regrowth was followed in material labeled with DiI. The canal of the uninjured cord is surrounded by four cell types: S-100-immunopositive ependymocytes, S-100- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive tanycytes, vimentin-immunopositive dorsally located cells, and lateral and ventral liquor-contacting neurons, which label for either gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). After cord transection, a new central canal forms rapidly as small groups of cells at the leading edges of the transection create flat "plates" that serve as templates for subsequent formation of the lateral and dorsal walls. Profile counts and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry indicate that these cells are dividing rapidly during the first 20 days of the repair process. The newly formed canal, which bridges the transection by day 10 but is not complete until about day 20, is greatly enlarged (

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confidence: 71%

“…Simpson (1964), for example, found that, if this region has been destroyed, the tail of the lizard Lygosoma does not regrow after amputation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Dervan¹,

Roberts²

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Modern scientific interest in lizard tail regeneration was largely pioneered by two scientists, Drs. Sidney Simpson, JR., and Lorenzo Alibardi (Simpson, 1964;Simpson and Cox, 1967;Alibardi and Meyer-Rochow, 1989). Work with lizard tail regeneration has since grown steadily, and recently a handful of groups began focusing on this research area (McLean and Vickaryous, 2011;Wang et al, 2011;Delorme et al, 2012;Fisher et al, 2012;Dong et al, 2013;Eckalbar et al, 2013;Hutchins et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Lizard tail regeneration: regulation of two distinct cartilage regions by Indian hedgehog

Lozito

Tuan

2015

Developmental Biology

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Lizards capable of caudal autotomy exhibit the remarkable ability to "drop" and then regenerate their tails. However, the regenerated lizard tail (RLT) is known as an "imperfect replicate" due to several key anatomical differences compared to the original tail. Most striking of these "imperfections" concerns the skeleton; instead of the vertebrae of the original tail, the skeleton of the RLT takes the form of an unsegmented cartilage tube (CT). Here we have performed the first detailed staging of skeletal development of the RLT CT, identifying two distinct mineralization events. CTs isolated from RLTs of various ages were analyzed by micro-computed tomography to characterize mineralization, and to correlate skeletal development with expression of endochondral ossification markers evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. During early tail regeneration, shortly after CT formation, the extreme proximal CT in direct contact with the most terminal vertebra of the original tail develops a growth plate-like region that undergoes endochondral ossification. Proximal CT chondrocytes enlarge, express hypertrophic markers, including Indian hedgehog (Ihh), apoptose, and are replaced by bone. During later stages of tail regeneration, the distal CT mineralizes without endochondral ossification. The sub-perichondrium of the distal CT expresses Ihh, and the perichondrium directly calcifies without cartilage growth plate formation. The calcified CT perichondrium also contains a population of stem/progenitor cells that forms new cartilage in response to TGF-β stimulation. Treatment with the Ihh inhibitor cyclopamine inhibited both proximal CT ossification and distal CT calcification. Thus, while the two mineralization events are spatially, temporally, and mechanistically very different, they both involve Ihh. Taken together, these results suggest that Ihh regulates CT mineralization during two distinct stages of lizard tail regeneration.

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“…Duffy et al 1992;McClellan 1992;Nona and Stafford 1995;Benraiss et al 1997) following numerous types of injury (e.g. Simpson 1964; Anderson and Waxman 1981;Stafford et al 1990). The regenerated neural tissue has been reported to be enclosed by meningeal tissue, in the goldfish, Carassius (Bernstein and Bernstein 1967), the frog, Xenopus (Michel and Reier 1979) and the lizard, Anolis (Simpson 1983), but little is known of the role of these meningeal cells in the regenerative process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The meningeal sheath of the regenerating spinal cord of the eel, Anguilla

Dervan

Roberts

2003

Anatomy and Embryology

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We describe here the meningeal sheath that encloses the spinal cord, and the sheath that develops when the cord regenerates after a total transection. This description is derived from electron and light microscopy. The sheath of the uninjured cord was found to be a single structure of two parts: an outer, thin melanocyte layer and an inner, thicker layer of 2 to 10 rows of fibroblasts, closely associated with collagen and elastic fibers. Soon after cord transection, the injured axons re-grow and, together with the reforming central canal, create a bridge that links the transected cord within 8 days of injury. This bridge is covered at first by a rudimentary meningeal sheath, formed of fibroblasts and macrophages, that later progressively thickens and becomes more compact. By about day 20, the fibroblasts are arranged as 16 to 20 loose rows that include bundles of collagen, oriented along the rostro-caudal axis of the cord. Even after 144 days, the meninx, although substantially thicker than normal because of the numerous fibroblast rows (20 to 30), still lacks the melanocyte layer. In cases in which the meninx at the transection site was mechanically and pharmacologically (6-hydroxydopamine) disrupted, bridge formation was essentially unchanged, and axonal regrowth continued; some regrowing axons, however, extruded from the denuded cord. Accordingly, our findings indicate that although the meningeal sheath is not essential for cord regeneration to take place, it may well facilitate recovery by providing mechanical guidance and support to the regrowing axons.

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Analysis of tail regeneration in the lizard Lygosoma laterale. I. Initiation of regeneration and cartilage differentiation: The role of ependyma

Cited by 97 publications

References 8 publications

Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Lizard tail regeneration: regulation of two distinct cartilage regions by Indian hedgehog

The meningeal sheath of the regenerating spinal cord of the eel, Anguilla

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