Analysis of Tear Ferning Patterns in Young Female Subjects with Refractive Errors

Alanazi, Mana A.; El‐Hiti, Gamal A.; Al-Madani, Alaa; Fagehi, Raied

doi:10.1155/2021/9524143

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…As such, the association between dry eye and smoking has been clearly established. The median OSDI score in the current study was comparable to those reported for smokers and subjects with a high body mass index [ 18 , 47 ], but lower compared with the OSDI scores for subjects with diabetes and refractive errors [ 48 – 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Assessment of Tear Osmolarity in Smokers Using TearLab and I-Pen Systems

Alanazi

El‐Hiti

Alturki

et al. 2022

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. Smoking has a negative effect on health and ocular tear film. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the correlation between the TearLab and I-Pen osmolarity scores in smokers and compare them with those of non-smoking healthy males. Methods. Thirty male smokers (25.3 ± 2.2 years) participated in the study. An age-matched (22.9 ± 2.0 years) control group of non-smoking healthy males (N = 30) was also recruited for comparison purposes. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was completed first, followed by the TearLab and I-Pen osmolarity measurements. Results. The median TearLab osmolarity score was lower (P < 0.001) than that obtained using the I-Pen in both the study and the control groups. The OSDI scores and osmolality measurements were higher (P < 0.001) in smokers than in the control subjects. In the smoker group, there were moderate correlations between the OSDI scores and the measurements obtained using the TearLab (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, r = 0.463; P = 0.010) and I-Pen (r = 0.449; P = 0.013) systems. In addition, there was a strong correlation between the osmolarity scores obtained from the TearLab and I-Pen systems in smokers (r = 0.911; P < 0.001). Conclusion. The I-Pen scores in smokers were significantly higher than those obtained using TearLab. The TearLab scores showed small variations compared with those obtained using I-Pen. A strong correlation was found between the TearLab and I-Pen scores in smokers. The osmolarity TearLab and I-Pen scores were significantly higher in smokers compared with normal eye subjects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Assessment of Tear Osmolarity in Smokers Using TearLab and I-Pen Systems

Alanazi

El‐Hiti

Alturki

et al. 2022

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Dry eye symptoms are experienced by 5 to 35% of the world population 5 . Dry eye can be diagnosed using the Schirmer, 6 phenol red thread, 6 noninvasive tear breakup time, 7 tear meniscus height, 8 osmolarity, 9 tear evaporation rate, 10 and tear ferning 11 tests along with the use of questionnaires 12 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Dry eye symptoms are experienced by 5 to 35% of the world population. 5 Dry eye can be diagnosed using the Schirmer, 6 phenol red thread, 6 noninvasive tear breakup time, 7 tear meniscus height, 8 osmolarity, 9 tear evaporation rate, 10 and tear ferning 11 tests along with the use of questionnaires. 12 Cigarettes contain many toxic chemicals (hydrocarbons, methanol, aldehydes, nitrosamines, carbon monoxide, and heavy metals) that cause damage to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of Tear Film Parameters in Smokers and Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Fagehi¹,

El‐Hiti

Almojalli

et al. 2022

Optom Vis Sci

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SIGNIFICANCE:The current study compares the ocular tear film parameters in three different groups using a single noninvasive, practical, and easy-to-use tool.PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the tear film in smokers, those with a high body mass index (BMI), and healthy subjects using the EASYTEAR view+.METHODS: Thirty men with a high BMI (>25 kg/m 2 ; 24.4 ± 6.4 years), 30 smokers (25.1 ± 6.1 years), and 30 healthy subjects (22.2 ± 3.5 years) were recruited. Each subject completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index, followed by the assessment of noninvasive tear breakup time, tear meniscus height (TMH), and lipid layer patterns (LLPs).RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the median TMH scores between smokers and healthy subjects ( P = .03) and between subjects with a high BMI and the healthy ones ( P = .04). The median LLP score was significantly ( P < .001) higher in normal subjects (4.0 [1.0]) than in smokers (2.4 [1.0]) and subjects with high BMI (2.0 [1.3]). For subjects with a high BMI, the noninvasive tear breakup time score was strongly correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient; r) with TMH (r = 0.552, P = .002) and LLP (r = 0.555, P = .001). The LLP showed that grade B (lipid layer thickness, 30 to 50 nm; more compact) was common in subjects with a high BMI, grade C (50 to 80 nm, gray waves) was predominant in smokers, and grade D (~80 nm, dense white-blue layer) represented the majority of normal eye subjects.CONCLUSIONS: Smokers and individuals with a high BMI showed significantly lower lipid layer grades and tear meniscus height scores compared with the control group. The assessment of tear film parameters using the EASYTEAR view+ supports the findings of previous studies that implicate smoking and high BMI as risk factors for dry eye.

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“…A digital microscope (Olympus DP72; Tokyo, Japan) was used to observe and capture the TF patterns at a magnification of 10×. The TF patterns for each tear sample were graded based on the five-point TF grading scale (from 0 to 4), using increments of 0.1 [28][29][30][31][32]. Dry eye was defined for a TF grade � 2.…”

Section: Tf Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surgical face mask wearing on tear film in women with a high body mass index

et al. 2022

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Purpose Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a face mask has become an essential measure to reduce the rate of virus spreading. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of wearing a surgical face mask for a short period on the tear film parameters in subjects with a high body mass index (BMI). Methods Twenty-five females with a high BMI (31.4 ± 5.5 kg/m2) aged 18–35 years (22.7 ± 4.6 years) participated in the study. In addition, a control group consisting of 25 females (23.0 ± 6.7 years) with a high BMI (29.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2) participated in the study in which no mask was worn. The standardized patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED) questionnaire was completed first, followed by the phenol red thread (PRT) and tear ferning (TF) tests, before wearing the face mask. The subjects wore the face mask for 1 hour, and the measurements were performed again immediately after its removal. For the control group, the measurements were performed twice with one hour gap. Results Significant (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05) differences were found between the SPEED scores (p = 0.035) and the PRT measurement (p = 0.042), before and after wearing the surgical face mask. The PRT scores have improved after wearing the surgical face mask, while the dry eye symptoms detected by the SPEED questionnaire have increased. On the other hand, no significant (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.201) differences were found between the TF grades before and after wearing a surgical face mask. For the control group, no significant (Wilcoxon test, p > 0.05) differences were found between the two scores from the SPEED questionnaire and the PRT, and TF tests. Conclusions Wearing a surgical face mask for a short duration leads to a change in volume and quality of tears as well as dry eye symptoms in women with a high BMI.

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Analysis of Tear Ferning Patterns in Young Female Subjects with Refractive Errors

Cited by 11 publications

References 53 publications

Assessment of Tear Osmolarity in Smokers Using TearLab and I-Pen Systems

Assessment of Tear Osmolarity in Smokers Using TearLab and I-Pen Systems

Assessment of Tear Film Parameters in Smokers and Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Effect of surgical face mask wearing on tear film in women with a high body mass index

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