Analysis of the Biochemical Reaction Status by Real-Time Monitoring Molecular Diffusion Behaviors Using a Transistor Biosensor Integrated with a Microfluidic Channel

Abstract

Traditional methods of monitoring biochemical reactions measure certain detectable reagents or products while assuming that the undetectable species follow the stoichiometry of the reactions. Here, based upon the metal-oxide thin-film transistor (TFT) biosensor, we develop a real-time molecular diffusion model to benchmark the concentration of the reagents and products. Using the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)–oxaloacetic acid with the enzyme of malate dehydrogenase as an example, mixtures of different reagent concentrations were characterized to extract the ratio of remaining concentrations between NAD + and NADH. We can thus obtain the apparent equilibrium constant of the reaction, (8.06 ± 0.61) × 10 4 . Because the whole analysis was conducted using a TFT sensor fabricated using a semiconductor process, our approach has the advantages of exploring biochemical reaction kinetics in a massively parallel manner.

A Hybrid Microfluidic Electronic Sensing Platform for Life Science Applications

“…Graphene FET was implemented in a planar microfluidic channel for ultrasensitive flow velocity sensing application [ 56 ]. Microfluidics enabled continuous flow measurement from an extended-gate FET structure applicable for ion sensing [ 57 ]. Integrated BioFET with microfluidics was used for aerosol particle detection in the air, promising such integration potentials for high-throughput air quality measurements [ 58 ].…”

Biochemical Reaction Acceleration by Electrokinetic Mixing in a Microfluidic Chip

“…In recent years, many micromixers have been developed to increase the mixing speed and efficiency between the reaction fluids in microchannels. And much of the literature has interpreted the recent development and typical applications of micromixers. − Generally, micromixers can be divided into active and passive micromixers based on the mixing strategies. Passive mixers are implemented by adding complex premixing geometries that typically increase the contact area between the reactant streams. − In contrast, active mixers usually disrupt the flow by introducing external energy to enhance fluid mixing.…”