Analysis of the chitin recognition mechanism of cuticle proteins from the soft cuticle of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Togawa, Toru; Nakato, Hiroshi; Izumi, Susumu

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.06.008

Cited by 97 publications

(71 citation statements)

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“…The internode of Dazao is further divided into anterior part (AP) and posterior part (PP) ( Figure 6A-i, -ii, -iii). BmorCPR2 displayed similar expression patterns to BmLcp18, BmLcp22, and BmLcp30, three known larval RR1-type chitin-binding cuticular protein genes (Nakato et al 1997;Togawa et al 2004), in different regions of Dazao larval cuticle. All genes were expressed more highly in internodes than in intersegmental folds.…”

Section: Bmorcpr2 Affects Cuticle Chitin Content and Larval Molting Vmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Naked chitin fibers need to interact with chitinbinding protein to stabilize the helicoidal layers of cuticle (Rebers and Riddiford 1988;Rebers and Willis 2001;Merzendorfer and Zimoch 2003;Moussian 2010). The largest member of these chitin-binding proteins is the CPR family, which may contribute to coordinating the interactions between chitin and the proteinaceous matrix (Rebers and Riddiford 1988;Rebers and Willis 2001;Togawa et al 2004;Magkrioti et al 2004;Willis 2010;Andersen 2011), and RR-type chitin-binding protein, chitin, and chitinase are colocalized in the procuticle (Moussian et al 2006;Chaudhari et al 2011Chaudhari et al , 2013Arakane et al 2012). The recent study on Tribolium castaneum indicated that the TcCPR4 (a RR1-type cuticular protein) distribute the region nearby chitin laminae and can affect the chitin content (Arakane 2013).…”

Section: Bmorcpr2 Affects Cuticle Chitin Content and Larval Molting Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mutation of a Cuticular Protein,BmorCPR2, Alters Larval Body Shape and Adaptability in Silkworm,Bombyx mori

et al. 2014

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Cuticular proteins (CPs) are crucial components of the insect cuticle. Although numerous genes encoding cuticular proteins have been identified in known insect genomes to date, their functions in maintaining insect body shape and adaptability remain largely unknown. In the current study, positional cloning led to the identification of a gene encoding an RR1-type cuticular protein, BmorCPR2, highly expressed in larval chitin-rich tissues and at the mulberry leaf-eating stages, which is responsible for the silkworm stony mutant. In the Dazao-stony strain, the BmorCPR2 allele is a deletion mutation with significantly lower expression, compared to the wild-type Dazao strain. Dysfunctional BmorCPR2 in the stony mutant lost chitin binding ability, leading to reduced chitin content in larval cuticle, limitation of cuticle extension, abatement of cuticle tensile properties, and aberrant ratio between internodes and intersegmental folds. These variations induce a significant decrease in cuticle capacity to hold the growing internal organs in the larval development process, resulting in whole-body stiffness, tightness, and hardness, bulging intersegmental folds, and serious defects in larval adaptability. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the corresponding phenotype of stony in insects caused by mutation of RR1-type cuticular protein. Our findings collectively shed light on the specific role of cuticular proteins in maintaining normal larval body shape and will aid in the development of pest control strategies for the management of Lepidoptera.T HE cuticle covering the entire body surface of insects not only participates in defense against pathogens and adverse environmental factors, but is also indispensable for constructing and maintaining external morphological characteristics and locomotion during the entire developmental process (Wigglesworth 1957;Delon and Payre 2004;Moussian et al. 2005). Therefore, the cuticle greatly enhances survival ability and adaptability of insects, ensuring its continued existence as one of the most successful life forms in the animal kingdom.The cuticle is a complex composite material mainly comprising chitin fibers and proteins (Andersen et al. 1995;Moussian 2010). Chitin is the polymer of b-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Gilbert 2011, Chap. 7). In procuticles, chitin fibers are arranged in laminae in an antiparallel manner and superimpose each other, forming sheets of fibrils that are stacked in a helicoidal fashion, maintaining cuticle structure, elasticity, and stability (Bouligand 1965;Neville and Luke 1969;Moussian 2010). In terrestrial insects, the chitin content is positively correlated with body size, suggesting a close relationship with cuticle extension and expansion (Merzendorfer and Zimoch 2003;Lease and Wolf 2010).Cuticular proteins (CPs), the principal structural constituents of cuticle, are encoded by more than 100 genes in known insect genomes (Andersen et al. 1995 The soft, flexible cuticle of Lepidoptera larvae not only bears pressure from ...

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Section: Bmorcpr2 Affects Cuticle Chitin Content and Larval Molting Vmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Bmorcpr2 Affects Cuticle Chitin Content and Larval Molting Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutation of a Cuticular Protein,BmorCPR2, Alters Larval Body Shape and Adaptability in Silkworm,Bombyx mori

et al. 2014

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“…The secondary structure of the R&R Consensus was proposed and experimentally analyzed; homology models for the tertiary structure exist (Iconomidou et al, 1999;Iconomidou et al, 2001;Hamodrakas et al, 2002;Iconomidou et al, 2005). Biochemical analyses using recombinant fusion proteins with the R&R Consensus confirmed that it can function as a chitinbinding domain (Rebers and Willis, 2001;Togawa et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

Togawa

Dunn

Emmons

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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106

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CPR proteins are the largest cuticular protein family in arthropods. The whole genome sequence of Anopheles gambiae revealed 156 genes that code for proteins with the R&R Consensus and named CPRs. This protein family can be divided into RR-1 and RR-2 subgroups, postulated to contribute to different regions of the cuticle. We determined the temporal expression patterns of these genes throughout post-embryonic development by means of real-time qRT-PCR. Based on expression profiles, these genes were grouped into 21 clusters. Most of the genes were expressed with sharp peaks at single or multiple periods associated with molting. Genes coding for RR-1 and RR-2 proteins were found together in several co-expression clusters. Twenty-five genes were expressed exclusively at one metamorphic stage. Five out of six X-linked genes showed equal expression in males and females, supporting the presence of a gene dosage compensation system in An. gambiae. Many RR-2 genes are organized into sequence clusters whose members are extremely similar to each other and generally closely associated on a chromosome. Most genes in each sequence cluster are expressed with the same temporal expression pattern and at the same level, suggesting a shared mechanism to regulate their expression.

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“…Another postdoctoral associate, Toru Togawa from Japan, who had just published a chitinbinding paper (43), joined us and annotated the small family of CPF genes. He discovered members of another CP family with a shared carboxyl terminus that he named CPFL (42).…”

Section: Wwwannualreviewsorg • Arthropod Proteomics and Genomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Arthropod Proteomics and Genomics

Willis

2018

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

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This article presents an overview of the development of techniques for analyzing cuticular proteins (CPs), their transcripts, and their genes over the past 50 years based primarily on experience in the laboratory of J.H. Willis. It emphasizes changes in the kind of data that can be gathered and how such data provided insights into the molecular underpinnings of insect metamorphosis and cuticle structure. It describes the techniques that allowed visualization of the location of CPs at both the anatomical and intracuticular levels and measurement of the appearance and deployment of transcripts from CP genes as well as what was learned from genomic and transcriptomic data. Most of the early work was done with the cecropia silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, and later work was with Anopheles gambiae.

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Analysis of the chitin recognition mechanism of cuticle proteins from the soft cuticle of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Cited by 97 publications

References 32 publications

Mutation of a Cuticular Protein,BmorCPR2, Alters Larval Body Shape and Adaptability in Silkworm,Bombyx mori

Mutation of a Cuticular Protein,BmorCPR2, Alters Larval Body Shape and Adaptability in Silkworm,Bombyx mori

Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Arthropod Proteomics and Genomics

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