To break through the development dilemma of traditional agriculture, the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture (GLCTA) has gradually become a key engine to drive the construction of ‘dual carbon’ targets and the strategy of agricultural green development. Based on the panel data of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2010 to 2021, this study estimates the level of GLCTA in each city, discusses its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, and uses the spatial panel error model and the geodetector model to reveal the dynamic mechanism of GLCTA process. The results show the following: (1) The overall level of GLCTA in the YRD shows a steady upward trend from 2010 to 2021, but the overall development level is low and the room for improvement is large. The development level of different cities differs greatly, showing a general situation of ‘high in the east and low in the west’, and the high level of GLCTA continues to deepen to the west. (2) The GLCTA in the YRD has spatial dependence and spatial spillover effect, and the number of cities with high–high and Low–Low development level is relatively large. (3) Except the urbanization level and the degree of rural industrialization that negatively affect the level of GLCTA in the YRD, other dynamic factors have a positive effect. Among them, the influence of fiscal support policy and economic level on the GLCTA is increasing. This paper discusses the current situation and dynamic mechanism of GLCTA in the YRD, which is innovative in terms of research content and perspective, and puts forward corresponding policy suggestions to promote GLCTA, providing important insights and practical basis for researchers and implementers in related fields.