Analysis of the effect of radiating surface geometry on the beam pattern of underwater acoustic transducers

Development of a Hexagonal Head Tonpilz Transducer for Underwater Applications

“…Pyo et al used non-uniform piezoceramic stack to maximize the operational bandwidth [10]. The impact of surface geometry that is in contact with water on the radiation pattern was discussed by Roh et al [11]. Recently MerveNur et al designed a seven element array of Tonpilz transducer with hexagonal radiating head and PMN-PT piezoceramics as driving stack [12].…”

Design of Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers for Underwater Applications

“…After the fabrication of tonpilz transducers based on a single crystal, those consisting of nine arrays have also been fabricated [ 118 ]. An additional analysis for array implementation was also performed, and an efficient head mass design was studied [ 119 ].…”