Analysis of the Effects of Hydrocarbon Chain on Foam Properties of Alkyl Polyglycosides

Abstract

The influence of surfactant structure on foam properties of different alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) in aqueous solutions was studied. Foamability, foam stability, and foam morphology were analyzed using the FoamScan method. Results showed that the foamability, foam stability, and the liquid carrying ability of long-chain APGs are higher than those of short-chain APGs. Foam morphology analysis showed that the foam produced by short-chain APGs is more unstable than the foam generated by longchain APGs. Long-chain APGs have stronger intermolecular cohesion force, stringency, and ductility than shortchain APGs.

Solution Properties of Alkyl β‐D‐Maltosides

“…Foaming properties were investigated using the published method (Li et al, ; Poole, ; Zhou et al, ). 0.25% (mass fraction) β‐D‐maltoside ( 6a – 6g ) aqueous solutions were prepared at 25 °C and then the aqueous solutions (10 mL) were transferred into the graduated cylinder (100 mL) with a plug.…”

“…Apart from an excellent performance in terms of surface tension, foamability, and detergency, APG are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and low-toxic surfactants. Thereby, they can be used for various applications such as drug carriers, intranasal adjuvants, silk degumming agents, and in oil recovery and sludge anaerobic fermentation (Ahmad et al, 2014;Faramarzi et al, 2017;Karam et al, 2017;Wang and Zhang, 2017;Wu et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2017).…”

Coolade. A Low‐Foaming Surfactant for Organic Synthesis in Water

“…(4-Aminophenyl)(morpholino)methanone (5): Synthesis was performed according to the procedure described in section 4.1 (procedure A; Supporting Information) using THF cosolvent (20 vol %) to give 5 as aw hite solid. Spectroscopic data matched that reported in the literature.…”

“…The cause of foaming is related to surfactant structure, specifically the presence of a long non‐polar chain. Lengthening this non‐polar chain, or “hydrocarbon tail,” results in increased foam volume and stability . Coolade has no hydrocarbon tail and, thus, does not suffer from this tendency.…”

“…Lengthening this non-polar chain, or "hydrocarbon tail," results in increasedf oam volume and stability. [5] Coolade has no hydrocarbon tail and, thus, does not suffer from this tendency. Nonetheless, it still self-aggregates into nanomicelles upon dissolution in water,i nw hich these particles serve as nanoreactors enabling av ariety of synthetically valued reactions.…”