Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science?

Escalante, Guillermo; Gonzalez, Adam M.; Mart, Dean St; Torres, Michael; Echols, Jacob; Islas, Mariesha; Schöenfeld, Brad J.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12113

Heliyon

2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12113

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Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science?

Guillermo Escalante¹,

Adam M. Gonzalez²,

Dean St Mart³

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

References 57 publications

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Influence of dietary supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance and blood chemistry profile of growing steers

Sánchez-Villasana,

López-Aguirre,

Peña-Avelino

et al. 2024

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research

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Influence of dietary supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance and blood chemistry profile of growing steers

Sánchez-Villasana,

López-Aguirre,

Peña-Avelino

et al. 2024

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research

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Creatine supplementation protocols with or without training interventions on body composition: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Pashayee-Khamene,

Heidari,

Asbaghi

et al. 2024

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background Despite the robust evidence demonstrating positive effects from creatine supplementation (primarily when associated with resistance training) on measures of body composition, there is a lack of a comprehensive evaluation regarding the influence of creatine protocol parameters (including dose and form) on body mass and estimates of fat-free and fat mass. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of creatine supplementation on body composition were included. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to July 2023. Heterogeneity tests were performed. Random effect models were assessed based on the heterogeneity tests, and pooled data were examined to determine the weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results From 4831 initial records, a total of 143 studies met the inclusion criteria. Creatine supplementation increased body mass (WMD: 0.86 kg; 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.96, I 2 = 0%) and fat-free mass (WMD: 0.82 kg; 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.06, I 2 = 0%) while reducing body fat percentage (WMD: −0.28 %; 95% CI: −0.47 to −0.09; I 2 = 0%). Studies that incorporated a maintenance dose of creatine or performed resistance training in conjunction with supplementation had greater effects on body composition. Conclusion Creatine supplementation has a small effect on body mass and estimates of fat-free mass and body fat percentage. These findings were more robust when combined with resistance training.

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Effects of Short-Term Creatine Nitrate Plus Creatinine Intake on Creatine Pharmacokinetics and Safety Biomarkers in Healthy Adults

Ostojic,

Stajer,

Todorovic

et al. 2025

CNF

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Background: A blend of creatine nitrate and creatinine has demonstrated promising bioavailability; however, prior studies have not thoroughly examined its pharmacokinetics and safety profiles, particularly its impact on kidney stress indicators, such as serum cystatin C. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of varying doses of creatine nitrate-creatinine intervention on pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy humans. Methods: Ten young adults (mean age 26.1 ± 5.0 years; 5 females) volunteered for this double-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either a low-dose creatine nitrate-creatinine mixture (CN-CRN-Low; 1.5 g of creatine nitrate and 1.5 g of creatinine), a high-dose creatine nitrate-creatinine mixture (CN-CRN-High; 3 g of creatine nitrate and 3 g of creatinine), or 1.5 g of creatine nitrate (CONTROL) in both a single-dose pharmacokinetics experiment, and a 14-day safety trial. Results: Both CN-CRN-Low and CN-CRN-High interventions displayed increased volume of distribution and total clearance compared to the CONTROL intervention (P < 0.05) in a single-dose pharmacokinetics experiment. Additionally, the CN-CRN-High intervention showed significantly higher creatine maximum serum concentrations compared to the other interventions (P < 0.05). Serum cystatin C levels remained unchanged across all interventions (P = 0.65), with no participants experiencing abnormal cystatin C concentrations or major changes in other safety biomarkers. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates dose-specific utilization of creatine nitrate-creatinine intervention, with the mixture induced no kidney damage. Further studies are needed to explore the potential functional and performance benefits of creatine nitrate-creatinine supplementation in diverse clinical and athletic cohorts.

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Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science?

Cited by 3 publications

References 57 publications

Influence of dietary supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance and blood chemistry profile of growing steers

Influence of dietary supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance and blood chemistry profile of growing steers

Creatine supplementation protocols with or without training interventions on body composition: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Effects of Short-Term Creatine Nitrate Plus Creatinine Intake on Creatine Pharmacokinetics and Safety Biomarkers in Healthy Adults

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