Analysis of the Essential Oils of Coriandrum sativum Using GC-MS Coupled with Chemometric Resolution Methods

Abstract

Coriandrum sativum L. (CSL), also called Chinese parsley in China, is a famous spice and is widely used in cooking due to its pleasant and delicate aroma. In China, CSL is not only an important spice in cuisine but is also a key traditional medicine. CSL is often used to treat headaches, measles, and rectal prolapse, and to prevent cancer.1) Numerous studies have been carried out regarding the chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of the essential oils of CSL fruits/seeds. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the fresh immature CSL plant is in fact the part most consumed by humans and most often used as medicine. The essential oils extracted from the CSL plant contain important bioactive compounds and have been proven to have antimicrobial [9][10][11][12] and anti-oxidative effects. 10)Several studies have been done on the essential oil composition of CSL plants grown in different places. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] However, the identification of components was performed only through retention indices or direct similarity searches in the mass spectral libraries attached to the GC-MS instruments. So far, only a few components have been identified and the results may even be unreliable or may have been misidentified because heteroscedastic noise and overlapping peaks are always a problem in the analysis of essential oils. Using twodimensional gas chromatography combined with time-offlight mass spectrometry (GCϫGC-TOF-MS), Eyres et al. 18) detected and identified more components among the essential oils of CSL leaves in Fiji. However, the overlapping peaks are inevitable for the analysis of a complex sample even under optimum conditions. Furthermore, the GCϫGC-TOF-MS is expensive and not readily available at present. Therefore, methods that are more economical should be developed for the rapid analysis of the essential oils of CSL.In this study, the essential oils of CSL were separated and detected by GC-MS. Then a chemometric method called heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP) was applied to resolve the overlapped peaks. The pure chromatogram and spectrum of each component were accessible through the resolution of HELP method. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were then performed on account of the pure chromatograms and mass spectra. ExperimentalMaterials Fresh plants of C. sativum L. were harvested in a local vegetable farm in Guangzhou, China. Undecane, linalool, nonanal, 1-hexanol, 1-dodecanol, dodecanal, 1-octadecanol, and 1-heptadecanol were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer of GmbH (Augsburg, German) and for use as standards. The purities of the standards were all above 99.5%.Extraction of Essential Oil About 400 g of fresh whole CSL was cut into about 0.5 cm lengths at room temperature and then transferred immediately into a standard essential oil extractor to which 300 ml deionized water was added. The essential oils were extracted using the standard steam distillation method according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia.21) The total of 1.88 g essential oils were obtained with a yield of 0....

Analysis of essential oil ofNardostachys chinensisBatal by GC-MS combined with chemometric techniques

“…In the HELP method, the resolution of a two-dimensional data set into chromatograms and spectra of pure chemical constituents is carried out via the so-called local full-rank resolution after the determination of zero component and selective region of the target component. The application procedures are omitted here, and the details are available elsewhere [11,12].…”

“…Fortunately, hyphenated instruments combined with chemometric resolution method (CRM) proved to be powerful to quantify the complicated system clearly and accurately. The heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP) method that was reported firstly in 1992 by Kvalheim and Liang [9,10] has been extensively applied in the resolution of partially overlapping peaks in the case of "first in, first out" [11,12], while the selective ion analysis (SIA) method based on the ion information has been successful to solve the embedded peaks [13]. The above methods are fast and easy to use and understand.…”

“…Thus, the combined method possesses features that make it a promising approach for solving the complicated systems. The HELP and SIA methods have been successfully used to analyze and identify the volatile compounds of some traditional Chinese herbal medicine [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

<i>Coriandrum sativum</i> L. Protects Human Keratinocytes from Oxidative Stress by Regulating Oxidative Defense Systems

“…Previous studies reported that it has antiinflammatory potential in UV erythema and antioxidant effects in rats fed a high-fat diet [13,14] . Chemically, CS is known to contain large amounts of essential oils and fatty acids [15,16] . It also contains well-known antioxidants, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid [17] .…”