Analysis of the fruit of the Chinese Tallow tree in Texas

Potts, William; Bolley, Don S.

doi:10.1007/bf02637420

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The CTT seed consisted of approximately 23 % tallow coating, 68 % kernel, and 6 % moisture and volatile matter. The tallow coating content was lower than the average tallow coating contents (32 %) of the CTT seed reported by Potts and Don [21]; however, the kernel content was similar to that previously reported (67 %). This result indicated that the tallow coating of the CTT seed tends to be more affected by cultivation or geographic factors than the sections of the kernel.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Extraction and Characterization of Seed Oil from Naturally Grown Chinese Tallow Trees

Yang

Pan

Zeng

et al. 2012

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Seeds were collected from locally and naturally grown Chinese tallow trees (CTT) and characterized for general physical and chemical properties and fatty acid composition of the lipids. The effects of four different solvents (petroleum ether, hexane, diethyl ether, and 95 % ethanol) and two extraction methods (supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) and conventional Soxhlet) on the properties of the CTT seed oil, including Chinese vegetable tallow (CVT) and stillingia oil (SO), were also investigated. In general, the yields of CVT and SO did not vary based on solvent for Soxhlet extraction and solvent‐free SC‐CO2 extraction, except that the yield of CVT from SC‐CO2 extraction was substantially lower. Nevertheless, the CTT seed oil, extracted by SC‐CO2 displayed better quality than those extracted by Soxhlet extraction in terms of color, residual precipitation, and acid value of the oils. The pretreatment of CTT seed by 3 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution likely promoted the hydrolysis of triglyceride and caused the high acid value in the CVT samples. The iodine value at around 180 indicated that the SO is a highly unsaturated drying oil. Palmitic (76 %) and oleic (23 %) are two dominant fatty acids in CVT while linolenic (43 %), linoleic (31 %), and oleic (13 %) are the dominant fatty acids in SO.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Extraction and Characterization of Seed Oil from Naturally Grown Chinese Tallow Trees

Yang

Pan

Zeng

et al. 2012

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…Two woody species of plants were solely or nearly always only dispersed under perches: Tridacia sebifera (an invasive tree) and B. scandens (a native but invasive woody vine in grasslands). Tridacia sebifera has a substantial outer seed coating that is high in lipids and proteins (Potts & Bolley, ; Huoran & Pengxin, ) that makes it attractive to birds, especially during the food‐scarce winter. Accordingly, T. sebifera is dispersed by a diverse array of generalist birds (Renne, Barrow, Johnson Randall, & Bridges, ; Samuels, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Woody plants were the only functional group that responded to perches F I G U R E 5 The total number of seeds from each plant functional group observed underneath perches (solid line) and not underneath perches (dashed line). Perches altered the number of woody plant seeds in months when seed rain was highest but did not alter graminoid or forb seed rain (Table 1) has a substantial outer seed coating that is high in lipids and proteins (Potts & Bolley, 1946;Huoran & Pengxin, 1991) that makes it attractive to birds, especially during the food-scarce winter. Accordingly, T. sebifera is dispersed by a diverse array of generalist birds (Renne, Barrow, Johnson Randall, & Bridges, 2002;Samuels, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Woody structure facilitates invasion of woody plants by providing perches for birds

Prather

Huynh

Pennings

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Woody encroachment threatens prairie ecosystems globally, and thus understanding the mechanisms that facilitate woody encroachment is of critical importance. Coastal tallgrass prairies along the Gulf Coast of the US are currently threatened by the spread of several species of woody plants. We studied a coastal tallgrass prairie in Texas, USA, to determine if existing woody structure increased the supply of seeds from woody plants via dispersal by birds. Specifically, we determined if (i) more seedlings of an invasive tree (Tridacia sebifera) are present surrounding a native woody plant (Myrica cerifera); (ii) wooden perches increase the quantity of seeds dispersed to a grassland; and (iii) perches alter the composition of the seed rain seasonally in prairie habitats with differing amounts of native and invasive woody vegetation, both underneath and away from artificial wooden perches. More T. sebifera seedlings were found within M. cerifera patches than in graminoid‐dominated areas. Although perches did not affect the total number of seeds, perches changed the composition of seed rain to be less dominated by grasses and forbs. Specifically, 20–30 times as many seeds of two invasive species of woody plants were found underneath perches independent of background vegetation, especially during months when seed rain was highest. These results suggest that existing woody structure in a grassland can promote further woody encroachment by enhancing seed dispersal by birds. This finding argues for management to reduce woody plant abundance before exotic plants set seeds and argues against the use of artificial perches as a restoration technique in grasslands threatened by woody species.

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“…The outer coating of tallow accounts for c . 25% of the seed weight, has high lipid and protein content (Potts & Bolley, 1946; Huoran & Pengxin, 1991) and yields 8 kcal g −1 of energy (Barrow, unpublished data). Seeds attached to woody pedicles often persist into May or longer in Louisiana, but are usually depleted between February and April in coastal South Carolina (personal observation).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness

Renne

Barrow

Randall

et al. 2002

Diversity and Distributions

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Abstract. Plants possessing generalized dispersal syndromes are likely to be more invasive than those relying on specialist dispersal agents. To address this issue on a local and regional scale, avian seed dispersal of the invasive alien Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.) was assessed in forests and spoil areas of South Carolina and along forest edges in Louisiana during the 1997–99 fruiting seasons. Tallow trees in these floristically distinct habitats had a few common and many casual visitors, and considerable species overlap among habitats was found. However, bird species differed in the importance of dispersing and dropping seeds among habitats. Important dispersal agents common to forests and spoil areas of South Carolina included Northern Flicker, American Robin and Red‐winged Blackbird, whereas Red‐bellied Woodpecker and European Starling were important in the former and latter habitat, respectively. In Louisiana, Red‐bellied Woodpecker, American Robin, Northern Cardinal and Eastern Bluebird dispersed many seeds. Nearly all species foraging on seeds were winter residents. Estimated numbers of seeds dispersed and dropped were higher in spoil areas of South Carolina than in Louisiana because of higher numbers of individuals per visit, higher seed consumption and seed dropping rates, and longer foraging durations. Within South Carolina, more seeds were dispersed and dropped in spoil areas than in forests because of higher numbers of birds per visit. These findings show that among habitats, tallow tree attracts diverse but variable coteries of dispersal agents that are qualitatively similar in seed usage patterns. We suggest that its generalized dispersal syndrome contributes to effective seed dispersal by many bird species throughout its range. Effects of differential avian use among locales may include changes in local bird communities, and differing tallow tree demographics and invasion patterns.

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Analysis of the fruit of the Chinese Tallow tree in Texas

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Extraction and Characterization of Seed Oil from Naturally Grown Chinese Tallow Trees

Extraction and Characterization of Seed Oil from Naturally Grown Chinese Tallow Trees

Woody structure facilitates invasion of woody plants by providing perches for birds

Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness

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