Analysis of the Genetic Diversity Associated With the Drug Resistance and Pathogenicity of Influenza A Virus Isolated in Bangladesh From 2002 to 2019

Abstract

The subtype prevalence, drug resistance- and pathogenicity-associated mutations, and the distribution of the influenza A virus (IAV) isolates identified in Bangladesh from 2002 to 2019 were analyzed using bioinformatic tools. A total of 30 IAV subtypes have been identified in humans (4), avian species (29), and environment (5) in Bangladesh. The predominant subtypes in human and avian species are H1N1/H3N2 and H5N1/H9N2, respectively. However, the subtypes H5N1/H9N2 infecting humans and H3N2/H1N1 infecting avian species have also been identified. Among the avian species, the maximum number of subtypes (27) have been identified in ducks. A 3.56% of the isolates showed neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) resistance with a prevalence of 8.50, 1.33, and 2.67% in avian species, humans, and the environment, respectively, the following mutations were detected: V116A, I117V, D198N, I223R, S247N, H275Y, and N295S. Prevalence of adamantane-resistant IAVs was 100, 50, and 30.54% in humans, the environment, and avian species, respectively, the subtypes H3N2, H1N1, H9N2, and H5N2 were highly prevalent, with the subtype H5N1 showing a comparatively lower prevalence. Important PB2 mutations such D9N, K526R, A588V, A588I, G590S, Q591R, E627K, K702R, and S714R were identified. A wide range of IAV subtypes have been identified in Bangladesh with a diversified genetic variation in the NA, M2, and PB2 proteins providing drug resistance and enhanced pathogenicity. This study provides a detailed analysis of the subtypes, and the host range of the IAV isolates and the genetic variations related to their proteins, which may aid in the prevention, treatment, and control of IAV infections in Bangladesh, and would serve as a basis for future investigations.

A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in Samara Oblast, Russian Federation

“…Regarding the isolate from Bangladesh, it is known that (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have caused significant damage to poultry farming in Bangladesh ( 68 ). Most H5N1 and H9N2 isolates were detected in live bird markets and in Tangail-Haor, in birds living in the wetlands area of Bangladesh where domestic ducks often come into contact with migratory birds.…”

Emergence of Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A (H1N1) virus in a child in Shandong Province, China

“…The PB2-Q591R, E627K and D701N mutant have been demonstrated to be critical for increasing polymerase activity, and enhancing viral replication and transmissibility in mammalian models [23][24][25][26]. In addition, related studies revealed that the PB2-L89V, R251K and T271K mutation could increase virulence and virus adaptability in mammalian [20][21][22].…”

Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses

“…In addition, the detection of AIV of H5-, H7-, and H9-subtypes in poultry carrying human adaptive aa substitutions in their PB2 segments, including G590S/Q591R and E627K, together with antiviral resistance markers that confer resistance to NA inhibitors, including H275Y and N295S, or M2 blockers (e.g. S31N) without apparent prior adaptation into mammals (Hossain et al, 2021), suggest possible reverse zoonotic transmission of these AIV strains from infected humans or mammals to poultry. This may explain the increasing abundance of antiviral resistance to adamantanes (M2) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, and the high risk to human public health in possible outbreaks and/or potential pandemic situations (Lampejo, 2020;Jones et al, 2023).…”