“…According to the spectrum of PES, two bands occurred about 1300 cm −1 , representing the asymmetrical stretching vibration of S = O bonds, and the symmetrical stretching vibration of those bonds appeared at 1146 cm −1 . 42 The infrared spectrum of nano-Ag/Clinoptilolite (Figure 3(b)) consists of broadband in the range of 3300–3700 cm −1 belonging to the surface hydroxyl groups. Moreover, the other area is in the field of 400–1200 cm −1 , which is due to the zeolite network’s tensile vibrations.Figure 3.FT-IR spectra of PES (a), nano-Ag/Clinoptilolite (b), PES/Clin/AgNPs nanocomposite (c).…”
Ag-Clinoptilolite/Polyethersulfone (PES/Clin/AgNPs) nanofiber was synthesized through the electrospinning method. The effect of solvent, the amount of Ag-Clinoptilolite, and PES were investigated. Parameters such as electric field, spinning distance, and concentration of the dope solution were studied in order to demonstrate their effects on the electrospinning ability and morphology of the nanofiber. The structure of PES/Clin/AgNPs nanofiber was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. In the optimum conditions, the nanofibers could be prepared at the size of 250–800 nm. Then, their ability to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) from real wastewater was studied. The result revealed about 85% removal of COD at pH = 10 and in 10 min for PES/Clin/AgNPs (25%). A successful fabrication method using low-cost natural zeolite and the green polymer was introduced. The reusability of the column was assessed.
“…According to the spectrum of PES, two bands occurred about 1300 cm −1 , representing the asymmetrical stretching vibration of S = O bonds, and the symmetrical stretching vibration of those bonds appeared at 1146 cm −1 . 42 The infrared spectrum of nano-Ag/Clinoptilolite (Figure 3(b)) consists of broadband in the range of 3300–3700 cm −1 belonging to the surface hydroxyl groups. Moreover, the other area is in the field of 400–1200 cm −1 , which is due to the zeolite network’s tensile vibrations.Figure 3.FT-IR spectra of PES (a), nano-Ag/Clinoptilolite (b), PES/Clin/AgNPs nanocomposite (c).…”
Ag-Clinoptilolite/Polyethersulfone (PES/Clin/AgNPs) nanofiber was synthesized through the electrospinning method. The effect of solvent, the amount of Ag-Clinoptilolite, and PES were investigated. Parameters such as electric field, spinning distance, and concentration of the dope solution were studied in order to demonstrate their effects on the electrospinning ability and morphology of the nanofiber. The structure of PES/Clin/AgNPs nanofiber was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. In the optimum conditions, the nanofibers could be prepared at the size of 250–800 nm. Then, their ability to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) from real wastewater was studied. The result revealed about 85% removal of COD at pH = 10 and in 10 min for PES/Clin/AgNPs (25%). A successful fabrication method using low-cost natural zeolite and the green polymer was introduced. The reusability of the column was assessed.
“…Carbon membranes which are known as carbon molecular sieve membranes, have been considered as a good option for gas separation application 101, 107. These membranes are porous solid membranes including some holes and pores that allow diffusing gas molecules to pass through them.…”
A comprehensive overview of membrane technology used for natural gas purification and other gas separation applications including methods, materials, and results described in previous studies is presented. Different membrane categories are elaborated thoroughly followed by comparisons made between glassy and rubbery polymeric membranes. Various approaches to improve membrane separation performance, such as incorporation of inorganic fillers and blending technique, are discussed. Gas separation in different membranes, e.g., glassy/rubbery polymer blend membranes, mixed matrix membranes, and polymeric blend mixed matrix membranes, are considered. Adopted techniques by researchers to solve existing issues in membrane fabrication and performance are explained in detail.
“…To overcome these limitations and increase the performance of polymer membranes, inorganic materials are integrated into polymer matrix to form mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Over the years, several types of conventional inorganic fillers were used in the development of mixed matrix membrane such as zeolites [ 3 ], carbon molecular sieve (CMS) [ 11 ], activated carbon [ 12 ], metal-organic frameworks [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [ 22 ], metal oxides, mesoporous materials, non-porous material, and lamellar inorganic materials [ 23 ]. Common types of MMMs contains two phases which are the polymer (continuous) phase and a dispersed inorganic phase [ 23 ].…”
CO2 separation from raw natural gas can be achieved through the use of the promising membrane-based technology. Polymeric membranes are a known method for separating CO2 but suffer from trade-offs between its permeability and selectivity. Therefore, through the use of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) which utilizes inorganic or hybrid fillers such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in polymeric matrix, the permeability and selectivity trade-off can be overcome and possibly surpass the Robeson Upper Bounds. In this study, various types of MOFs are explored in terms of its structure and properties such as thermal and chemical stability. Next, the use of amine and non-amine functionalized MOFs in MMMs development are compared in order to investigate the effects of amine functionalization on the membrane gas separation performance for flat sheet and hollow fiber configurations as reported in the literature. Moreover, the gas transport properties and various challenges faced by hollow fiber mixed matrix membranes (HFMMMs) are discussed. In addition, the utilization of amine functionalization MOF for mitigating the challenges faced is included. Finally, the future directions of amine-functionalized MOF HFMMMs are discussed for the fields of CO2 separation.
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