Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure

Abstract

UKPapillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of crossspecies transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with 3These authors contributed equally to this work.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the BPV-1 LCR sequence variants determined in this study are KJ577553-KJ577566 (SV1-SV 14, respectively) and KJ577567 (SV 19

Evidence for a primate origin of zoonotic Helicobacter suis colonizing domesticated pigs

“…Another example of disease severity associated with disrupted coevolution is that of bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1), which causes relatively innocent warts in cows, its natural host. Recent research has revealed evidence of multiple, relatively recent host jumps of BPV-1 into horses, in which this virus can cause the development of invasive and aggressive sarcoids (Trewby et al, 2014). In the present study, we revealed a more ancient association between H. suis and macaques, compared with that between H. suis and pigs.…”

Papillomavirus in Wildlife

“…that has lately been corroborated by Trewby et al (2014) via the analysis of its evolutionary history and cross-species link with equids. However, despite the propensity of sister species to participate in PV spillover, PV phylogenies do not necessarily mirror the phylogenies of their hosts (Chan et al, 1995;García-Vallvé et al, 2005).…”

“…Our ecological and evolutionary approach explored WPV coevolution and spillover, geographic range of virus and host, and plausible origins that would not be considered in classic epidemiological studies (Galvani, 2003;Faria et al, 2011). A better understanding of the ecology and evolution of WPV may help to anticipate outbreaks in wildlife species and will us help to understand the potential emergence of new pathogenic WPV lineages in humans and livestock (Inhorn and Brown, 1990;Price, 2002;Nasir and Campo, 2008;Trewby et al, 2014).…”

Neoplasia in 125 donkeys (Equus asinus)

“…39 High prevalence of one particular BPV sequence variant in equine sarcoids suggests that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. 52 None of the sarcoids in our survey were tested for the presence of BPV. Routine testing for the presence of BPV in veterinary diagnostic settings is not practical, largely because immunohistochemistry is not applicable given the lack of viral replication in equine sarcoids.…”