The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene for a 78-kDa mitochondrial heat shock protein (hsp78) was identified in a Agtll expression library through immunological screening with an hsp78-specific monoclonal antibody. Cells exposed to physiological stress, such as an abrupt elevation in temperature, synthesize a subset of highly conserved cellular proteins collectively known as the heat shock or stress proteins. Many members of the heat shock protein (HSP) families are expressed in the absence of stress and function as molecular chaperones in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in the assembly of oligomeric structures (for recent reviews, see references 2 and 13). Heat shock proteins also appear to be involved in the degradation of unfolded or damaged polypeptides, either by catalyzing proteolysis or by presenting polypeptides to the active proteases. Well-known examples of heat-shockinducible proteins involved in protein degradation are ubiquitin in eukaryotes (55) and the ATP-dependent La (Lon) and ClpP proteases in prokaryotes (4,30). In addition, members of the newly discovered family of Clp proteins appear to combine an involvement in proteolysis with many of the characteristics of molecular chaperones, i.e., several are heat shock proteins, they are highly conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and in eukaryotes, multiple forms or subfamilies appear to be partitioned in different cellular compartments.The wide distribution of the Clp family of proteins became apparent when the sequence of the ClpA subunit of the two-component ClpA-ClpP ATP-dependent protease (18), also known as the Ti protease (21), was found to be related to a number of previously described proteins with known sequences but unknown functions. These proteins, now * Corresponding author. t Present address: