2022
DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.28.522147
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Analysis of the Toll and spaetzle genes involved in Toll pathway-dependent antimicrobial gene induction in the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum(Coleoptera: Tenebriodae)

Abstract: Insects rely only on their innate immune system to protect themselves from pathogens. Antimicro-bial peptide (AMP) production is the main immune reaction in insects. In Drosophila melanogaster, the reaction is regulated mainly by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. Spaetzle proteins, activated by immune signals from upstream components, bind to Toll proteins, thus ac-tivating the Toll pathway, which in turn induces AMP genes. Previous studies have shown the difference immune ststems related to Toll … Show more

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