Analysis of Toxic Chemical Substance Present in Wastewater Samples Around the Urban Area of Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

The world is facing problems with a wide variety of pollutants and contaminants from various developmental activities. The population explosion is one reason for an increase in polluted wastewater from various sources like industrialization and urbanized societies. Essentially, all human beings, plants and animals need water to be sustained, and abnormal environmental changes are occurring through toxic substances such as nitrate, nitrite, sulfide, sulphate, sodium, potassium, cadmium, lead, chromium, iron, and mercury that enter land and water bodies. Those are the drastic influences on terrestrial ecosystem, besides environmental decline disturbing daily human life. The present study focused on the physicochemical analysis of wastewater around the industrial urban area of Tirupati. The analytical standard methods were followed. The results represent that the colour of the collected samples were brown and unpleasant. The conductivity values ranged from 120-180 μS/cm (S 1-S 4) results of high salts. The turbidity range was about 32-28 NTU(S 1-S 4). The hardness of wastewater was noted at 420-520 mg/l. The total solids were found to be 600-1300 mg/l and the salinity values varied from 220-290 mg/l. The Alkalinity of water values ranged from 220-290 mg/l, which were further confirmed by pH measurements obtained as 10.5, 8.8, 7.99, and 7.82 (S 1 , S 2 , S 3 and S 4) respectively. Currently, the results were remarkably highly polluted and may cause harmful skin diseases and eye maladies, and even damage to kidney functions. The presence of ionic chloride values shows 300-530 mg/l and total suspended solids (TSS) values were 300-550 mg/l. The maximum total dissolved solids (TDS) are in the range of 300-800 ppm. Furthermore, the dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined at about 5.5-7.66 mg/l and biological oxygen demand (BOD) values of 102-92.4 ppm were noticed, whereas volatile organic compounds (VOC) values ranged 1.2-2.8 (S 1-S 4). The high volatile organic substances produce a pungent smell. Analysis methodology results were compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) along with environmental protection rules from 1986 and ISO 10500-2012 standards.