Analysis of trichloroacetic acid in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene by capillary gas chromatography

O’Donnell, Gregory E.; Juska, A.; Geyer, Robert P.; Faiz, M.; Stalder, S.

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)00423-k

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This method of sensing TCE is inconvenient, and not allowable in the field. Currently, many analytical techniques such as titration, 3 chromatography, [4][5][6][7] electrochemical method, 8 spectroscopy method, [9][10][11] photocatalytic method, 12,13 biochemical method, [14][15][16] and molecular imprinting method 17 have been applied to measure the concentration of TCE. However, all these methods had some disadvantages, for example, inaccuracy, high costs, poor stability, and long measurement times.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichloroethylene Sensor by Using Electrodeposited Pb-Modified Graphite Strip Electrode

Chen¹,

Lin²,

Chou³

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A new trichloroethylene ͑TCE͒ sensor was developed by using a Pb-modified graphite strip electrode in an organic solution. The major factors of preparing electrode or sensing characteristics such as electrolyte concentration, electrodeposition current density, electrodeposition time, and temperature, for preparing electrodes, were explored. The results show that both the electrodeposition current density and time have a major and positive effect on the sensing reaction, while the electrodeposition temperature shows a negative effect. The best electrodeposition condition and electrolyte composition were obtained. Additionally, the optimal sensing condition is Ϫ2.10 V sensing potential ͑vs. Ag/Ag ϩ with 0.01 M ͓CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 ͔ 4 NClO 4 in CH 3 CN solution͒, 100 rpm agitation rate and at 25°C with the 0.01 M ͓CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 ͔ 4 NBF 4 electrolyte concentration in CH 3 CN solution. The correlation of sensing response current, i d , and TCE concentration, C L , is i d ϭ 7.065C L in the range from 0 to 700 ppm TCE concentration. Furthermore, the prepared electrode has 15 s response time ͑90% response time͒, and the stability is at least 60 days.Trichloroethylene ͑TCE͒ is a widely used organic solvent in industries such as electronic manufacturing, semiconductor process, plastics production, and organic synthesis. However, TCE is a hazardous material. People suffering from moderate exposures experience symptoms which are similar to alcohol inebriation, narcotic effects, and ventricular fibrillation, and at higher concentrations, death occurring after heavy exposure. Furthermore, TCE is also found to induce hepatocellular carcinomas. 1 Consequently, many countries have regulated to detect and monitor TCE in order to improve their environment and health care concerns in factories and industry.In the past, TCE concentration measurement was carried out directly by polarography using mercury as the working electrode. 2 However, mercury is a toxic material and causes serious bad effects to the environment. This method of sensing TCE is inconvenient, and not allowable in the field. Currently, many analytical techniques such as titration, 3 chromatography, 4-7 electrochemical method, 8 spectroscopy method, 9-11 photocatalytic method, 12,13 biochemical method, 14-16 and molecular imprinting method 17 have been applied to measure the concentration of TCE. However, all these methods had some disadvantages, for example, inaccuracy, high costs, poor stability, and long measurement times. Furthermore, all these mentioned analytical instruments cannot, in situ, apply in the field for continuous and automatic monitoring of TCE concentration. Sensors may be the most practical monitor setup because of their convenience, inexpensiveness, accuracy, and automation in situ measurement. Some TCE sensors have been developed such as fiber-opticbased on-line TCE sensor in a column retardation experiment 18 with complicated analysis procedure. The electroanalytical chemistry method with Ag electrode modified by zeolite 19 is unstable to TCE sensi...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichloroethylene Sensor by Using Electrodeposited Pb-Modified Graphite Strip Electrode

Chen¹,

Lin²,

Chou³

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…DCAA are excreted in humans between 20 and 36 min after an intravenous administration of sodium dichloroacetate [23] and more than 50% of the dose administered is recovered in rat urine, unchanged [24]. With regard to TCAA, several experiments have been carried out in workers exposed to trichloroethylene since it is mainly metabolised into TCAA; in this case the sampling time is critical because the metabolite is excreted, from 50 until 120 h after exposure, over the range 0.5 and 90 mg/l [15,16,19,20]. There is very little information in the literature about direct ingestion of TCAA in humans [12] and nothing about MCAA since its concentration in urine is too low to detect.…”

Section: Analysis Of Urine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic (TCAA) acids have previously been measured in urine by using liquid chromatography [10,11], although gas chromatography (GC) is the most widely used technique due to its inherent advantages. GC determination requires a preliminary derivatisation step due to the low volatility and high polarity of these compounds; several of the derivatising reagents employed have been dimethylsulphate [9], acid-alcohol [12][13][14][15], BF 3 -methanol [16] or pentafluorobenzyl bromide [17]. These methods are characterised by numerous separation steps such as: centrifugation of the urine sample, acidification and extraction with methyl tert-buthyl ether (MTBE), centrifugation, evaporation and finally derivatisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of haloacetic acids in human urine by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cardador

Gallego

2010

Journal of Chromatography B

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“…However, these are limited by low sensitivity and specificity [3][4][5]. Several investigators have described methods for the analysis of these metabolites using organic extraction and analysis by GC/MS or GC with electron capture detection (ECD) [6][7][8]. These methods have the advantage of being more sensitive and specific than spectrophotometry, but sample preparation can be a tedious process involving many steps and consequent losses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of dynamic headspace with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethanol, and trichloroacetic acid in biological samples

Johns

Dills

Morgan

2005

Journal of Chromatography B

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Analysis of trichloroacetic acid in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene by capillary gas chromatography

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Trichloroethylene Sensor by Using Electrodeposited Pb-Modified Graphite Strip Electrode

Trichloroethylene Sensor by Using Electrodeposited Pb-Modified Graphite Strip Electrode

Determination of haloacetic acids in human urine by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Evaluation of dynamic headspace with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethanol, and trichloroacetic acid in biological samples

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