Analysis of uncertainties in instantaneous soot volume fraction measurements using two-dimensional, auto-compensating, laser-induced incandescence (2D-AC-LII)

Crosland, Brian M.; Johnson, Matthew R.; Thomson, Kevin A.

doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4130-7

Cited by 52 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Beam steering can also influence the emitted incandescent signal in the form of image blurring where the largest steering occurs in regions of low temperature and high temperature gradient, or outside of the soot plumes of the present jet flame [17]. Although beam steering can be measured and accounted for in extinction-based measurements [42], it is difficult to identify its isolated effects on LII measurements.…”

Section: Effects Of Laser Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Sensitivity analysis for soot particle size imaging with laser-induced incandescence at high pressure

et al. 2015

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Section: Effects Of Laser Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Two-color pyrometry is often used to measure particle heat-up temperatures (related to the effective laser fluence) [13,16,17] along with the LII signal traces. Nevertheless, in two-dimensional measurements at high pressure, the LII signal lifetime is only marginally longer than the gate duration required for signal collection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity analysis for soot particle size imaging with laser-induced incandescence at high pressure

et al. 2015

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“…Calculations were also performed using time-averaged laser profiles taken at five other locations in the measurement volume and these confirmed that the equivalent sheet width is spatially independent within the measurement volume. As stated in Crosland et al (2011), a complete assessment of the accuracy of the equivalent laser sheet thickness calculation is difficult, since this would require determination of the accuracy of the LII model, a task that is beyond the scope of the current work and one which remains an open question in the literature.…”

Section: Measurement Of Soot Volume Fraction Fvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strongly non-linear nature of the soot volume fraction Equation (4.1) suggests that a first-order linear error propagation method such as in (ANSI/ASME 1985) will produce erroneous results. Instead, Monte Carlo simulation similar to Crosland et al (2011) was used for the propagation of elemental errors through to the calculation of soot volume fraction, primary particle diameter, and radius of gyration.…”

Section: Measurement Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In-flame measurements were made on the centreline of a laminar non-premixed flame at 42 mm above the burner exit. As described inCrosland et al (2011), a 10.9 mm inner diameter central fuel tube flow is surrounded by a co-annular air nozzle of 100 mm inner diameter. The burner was operated in "Gülder flame" conditions with ethylene as a fuel flowing at 0.24 g/min and air co-flowing at 367 g/min, producing a stable laminar flame with a visible height of approximately 65 mm.…”

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Soot Optical Diagnostic Development and Application to Turbulent Non-Premixed Buoyant Flames

Crosland¹

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This thesis details the development and application of laser-based optical diagnostics capable of measuring soot volume fraction, mean aggregate radius of gyration and primary particle size in turbulent flames. Research focussed on techniques suitable for making instantaneous measurements in turbulent flames, initially investigating a 2D auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (2D-AC-LII) diagnostic prior to developing a unique combined AC-LII and elastic light scattering (ELS) system, which was used in subsequent experiments.Comprehensive Monte Carlo-based uncertainty analyses performed on each system indicated that the imprecise knowledge of soot properties was the largest source of uncertainty for all measurements. Use of a newly-developed ELS calibration method allowed a reduction in uncertainties resulting from calibration and instrument noise. The AC-LII/ELS technique was applied to turbulent buoyant non-premixed flames relevant to solution gas flares used throughout the upstream energy industry, resulting in several important insights.First, the results demonstrate that decreases in soot volume fraction seen near the flame tip are attributable to increased flame intermittency rather than decreases in soot volume fraction within soot-bearing structures, providing support for a recent suggestion from the literature that this could occur in momentum-dominated flames and further extending it to the buoyancydominated flames studied here. Secondly, and contrary to a suggestion in the iv

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Sooting turbulent jet flame: characterization and quantitative soot measurements

et al. 2011

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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelers require high-quality experimental data sets for validation of their numerical tools. Preferred features for numerical simulations of a sooting, turbulent test case flame are simplicity (no pilot flame), well-defined boundary conditions and sufficient soot production. This paper proposes a non-premixed C 2 H 4 /air turbulent jet flame to fill this role and presents an extensive database for soot model validation. The sooting turbulent jet flame has a total visible flame length of approximately 400 mm and a fuel-jet Reynolds number of 10,000. The flame has a measured lift-off height of 26 mm which acts as a sensitive marker for CFD model validation, while this novel compiled experimental database of soot properties, temperature and velocity maps are useful for the validation of kinetic soot models and numerical flame simulations. Due to the relatively simple burner design which produces a flame with sufficient soot concentration while meeting modelers' needs with respect to boundary conditions and flame specifications as well as the present lack of a sooting "standard flame", this flame is suggested as a new reference turbulent sooting flame. The flame characterization presented here involved a variety of optical diagnostics including quantitative 2D laser-induced incandescence (2D-LII), shifted-vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (SV-CARS) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Producing an accurate and comprehensive characterization of a transient sooting flame was challenging and required optimization of these diagnostics. In this respect, we present the first simultaneous, instantaneous PIV and LII measurements in a heavily sooting flame environment. Simultaneous soot and flow field measurements can provide new insights into the interaction between a turbulent vortex and flame chemistry, especially since soot structures in turbulent flames are known to be small and often treated in a statistical manner.

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Analysis of uncertainties in instantaneous soot volume fraction measurements using two-dimensional, auto-compensating, laser-induced incandescence (2D-AC-LII)

Cited by 52 publications

References 51 publications

Sensitivity analysis for soot particle size imaging with laser-induced incandescence at high pressure

Sensitivity analysis for soot particle size imaging with laser-induced incandescence at high pressure

Soot Optical Diagnostic Development and Application to Turbulent Non-Premixed Buoyant Flames

Sooting turbulent jet flame: characterization and quantitative soot measurements

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