Analysis of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precarious workers of highly exposed occupational scenarios in Mexico

León-Martínez, Lorena Díaz de; Flores-Ramírez, Rogelio; Rodríguez-Aguilar, Maribel; Berumen-Rodríguez, Alejandra Abigail; Pérez‐Vázquez, Francisco Javier; Dı́az-Barriga, Fernando

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12413-y

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Also in these categories of workers, 2-OH-NAP and 1-OH-NAP were the most present, along with 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-OH-FLU), and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-PHE). PAH fingerprints among the brickmakers and mercury mining population were very similar, whereas the indigenous population presented a different fingerprint compared to the other three groups of workers [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, blood is the preferred matrix for many chemicals, as it is in continuous contact with the whole organism and is in equilibrium with organs and tissues; it is used for the determination of POPs [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ] with the exception of some POPs [ 39 , 40 , 44 ], PAHs [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 ], and some pesticides (i.e., pyrethroids) [ ...…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urine, breast milk, and exhaled air sampling are non-invasive, easy, and can be done directly by the individuals. Urine is the most useful matrix for measuring urinary biomarkers that are rapidly metabolized and excreted, such as non-persistent pesticides, bisphenol A (BPA) [ 126 ], and other phenols [ 44 ], parabens [ 130 ], volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [ 83 , 85 , 87 , 92 , 93 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 108 , 111 ], and PAHs [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 60 , 61 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. However, urine analysis suffers from great temporal variability in composition within individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, blood is the preferred matrix for many chemicals, as it is in continuous contact with the whole organism and is in equilibrium with organs and tissues; it is used for the determination of POPs 38,39,41,42,[54][55][56]58,59,[62][63][64][65][66][67][69][70][71][72] with the exception of some POPs [39,40,44], PAHs [45][46][47][48][49][50][51]53], and some pesticides (i.e., pyrethroids) [60,61,[73][74][75][76][77][78] that accumulate more in urine. Blood analysis has a standardized sampling procedure and it is generally the most widespread analysis in HBM studies, but it has some limitations, such as the invasiveness of sampling and the need for the presence of professional operators.…”

Section: Biological Matrices and Biomarker Extraction Methods In Hbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Longo

Forleo

Giampetruzzi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, blood is the preferred matrix for many chemicals, as it is in continuous contact with the whole organism and is in equilibrium with organs and tissues; it is used for the determination of POPs 38,39,41,42,[54][55][56]58,59,[62][63][64][65][66][67][69][70][71][72] with the exception of some POPs [39,40,44], PAHs [45][46][47][48][49][50][51]53], and some pesticides (i.e., pyrethroids) [60,61,[73][74][75][76][77][78] that accumulate more in urine. Blood analysis has a standardized sampling procedure and it is generally the most widespread analysis in HBM studies, but it has some limitations, such as the invasiveness of sampling and the need for the presence of professional operators.…”

Section: Biological Matrices and Biomarker Extraction Methods In Hbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Longo

Forleo

Giampetruzzi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 Whereas modafinil is a wellcharacterized 9 target compound and included in routine doping controls, hydrafinil has not yet been fully considered, and the urinary metabolic profile of hydrafinil is largely unknown. The analyte itself, that is, 9-hydroxyfluorene, has been employed as urinary biomarker for monitoring the extent of exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in humans, and test methods based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection were used in studies reporting on occupationally caused urinary 9-hydroxyfluorene of a general North American population, 10 roofers, 11 and Mexican miners, 12 with levels reaching up to 340 ng/ml.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary hydrafinil metabolites for routine doping control purposes

Knoop

Fußhöller

Haenelt

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Little information on the human metabolism and urinary elimination of hydrafinil (9-fluorenol) exists. In order to support preventive anti-doping activities concerning compounds such as hydrafinil, a pilot elimination study was conducted with three healthy male volunteers receiving a single oral dose of 50 mg of hydrafinil. Urine samples were collected prior to and up to 72-h post-administration and were subjected to both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which allowed for the identification of the intact drug as well as Phase I and Phase II metabolites, primarily hydroxylated and/or glucuronidated or sulfoconjugated hydrafinil. The identity of these metabolites was corroborated by highresolution/high-accuracy tandem mass spectrometry, and the applicability of routine doping control workflows for the detection of hydrafinil and its main metabolites was assessed. Therefore, two findings of hydrafinil and its metabolites were recorded, which concerned out-of-competition doping control samples and, hence, were not pursued with confirmatory analyses. Yet, the initial testing procedure results indicate that hydrafinil might require consideration in sports drug testing programs to ensure its detection, if classified as prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

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Underground emissions and miners’ personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

Gren

Krais

Assarsson

et al. 2022

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose Underground diesel exhaust exposure is an occupational health risk. It is not known how recent intensified emission legislation and use of renewable fuels have reduced or altered occupational exposures. We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an underground iron ore mine. Methods Full-shift personal sampling (12 workers) of elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) was performed. The study used and validated eBC as an online proxy for occupational exposure to EC. Ambient air sampling of these pollutants and particle number size distribution and concentration were performed in the vicinity of the workers. Urine samples (27 workers) were collected after 8 h exposure and analyzed for PAH metabolites and effect biomarkers (8-oxodG for DNA oxidative damage, 4-HNE-MA for lipid peroxidation, 3-HPMA for acrolein). Results The personal exposures (geometric mean; GM) of the participating miners were 7 µg EC m−3 and 153 µg NO2 m−3, which are below the EU occupational exposure limits. However, exposures up to 94 µg EC m−3 and 1200 µg NO2 m−3 were observed. There was a tendency that the operators of vehicles complying with sharpened emission legislation had lower exposure of EC. eBC and NO2 correlated with EC, R = 0.94 and R = 0.66, respectively. No correlation was found between EC and the sum of 16 priority PAHs (GM 1790 ng m−3). Ratios between personal exposures and ambient concentrations were similar and close to 1 for EC and NO2, but significantly higher for PAHs. Semi-volatile PAHs may not be effectively reduced by the aftertreatment systems, and ambient area sampling did not predict the personal airborne PAHs exposure well, neither did the slightly elevated concentration of urinary PAH metabolites correlate with airborne PAH exposure. Conclusion Miners’ exposures to EC and NO2 were lower than those in older studies indicating the effect of sharpened emission legislation and new technologies. Using modern vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) may have contributed to the lower ambient underground PM concentration and exposures. The semi-volatile behavior of the PAHs might have led to inefficient removal in the engines aftertreatment systems and delayed removal by the workplace ventilation system due to partitioning to indoor surfaces. The results indicate that secondary emissions can be an important source of gaseous PAH exposure in the mine.

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Analysis of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precarious workers of highly exposed occupational scenarios in Mexico

Cited by 21 publications

References 54 publications

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary hydrafinil metabolites for routine doping control purposes

Underground emissions and miners’ personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

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