Analysis of Variance in Experimental Design

Lindman, Harold R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9722-9

Cited by 180 publications

(128 citation statements)

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“…On the contrary, when the codominant model was considered, a positive and independent effect of the CYP11B2 C(À344)T polymorphism on SBP was found in males (Table 3), even if comparisons among groups do not allow us to explain the main effect, 12 and on IVSD in females (Table 4). No significant associations of CYP11B2 genotypes with echocardiographic variables in males were found in the codominant model (Table 4) and no significant differences among genotypes were observed on echovascular variables either in males or females (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Aldosterone synthase alleles and cardiovascular phenotype in young adults

et al. 2003

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The C(À344)T promoter polymorphism of the human aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene has been associated with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, but there were contrasting data. We analysed the genotype/ phenotype associations between this polymorphism and cardiovascular variables in a young adult population, where interactions among genes, gene-environment, and acquired ageing-related organ damage are reduced. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular variables (by echocardiography), and carotid artery wall intimal-media thickness (by high-resolution sonography and digitalized morphometry) were taken in 420 white Caucasian students (mean age 23.5 years, s.d. 2.5 years). CYP11B2 alleles were detected by genomic polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion. Taking into account the three possible models of inheritance, we found no differences in the considered variables, except for an independent effect of the C(À344) allele on SBP in males (TT 125.6 (1.6), TC 128.4 (1.2) and CC 130.5 (2.2), mmHg, media (ES), P ¼ 0.03), and on interventricular septum thickness in diastole in females (CC 6.98 (0.12) vs TT 6.87 (0.09) and TC 6.87 (0.07), mmHg, Po0.01), in the codominant model. In conclusion, the CYP11B2 C(À344)T polymorphism appears to have a slight role in the cardiovascular phenotype of young healthy adults, even if these genotype/phenotype relationships might change with ageing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Aldosterone synthase alleles and cardiovascular phenotype in young adults

et al. 2003

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“…Changes in mean wing lengths among years were tested using the fixed-effect model of the oneway analysis of variance (Lindman 1992). Significant differences among values the means for subsequent years were compared by the Tukey's test for samples of different size (Lindman 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant differences among values the means for subsequent years were compared by the Tukey's test for samples of different size (Lindman 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Variability of Wing Length in a Population of the Reed WarblerAcrocephalus scirpaceus

Nowakowski

2000

Acta Ornithologica

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“…All five conditions (including the control condition) were analyzed in a one-way ANOVA which yielded a significant F-value, F(4, 95) = 2.49, has been said that analysis of variance is robust despite the violation of its assumptions (Lindman, 1992). we tried to transform the numbers of days by taking which is used where some data are numerically small (e g , Winer, Brown, & Michels, 1991) The test of normal distribution in each cell was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test, and the homogeneity of cell variances was conducted using the Bartlett-Box test Since all the former tests (all p > 230) and all the latter tests (p = 390) were not significant at the 05 level, we conducted ANOVA on the transformed data The results of that closely paralleled those of ANOVA on raw data only the main effect of self-esteem, F(1, 76) = 8 44, p = 005, and the social comparison x meaningfulness interaction, F(1, 76) = 4 08, p = 047, were significant The planned comparison and additional analyses using the transformed data also paralleled those using raw data 'Two supplemental questionnaires on some helping opportunities described as hypothetical situations were formed and presented to 41 different subjects For 18 of them the first description used in one questionnaire was the same meaningful helping opportunities manipulated in the experiment, for the other 23, the description was of the same unmeaningful helping opportunity After reading each description, each subject answered two main items included in the questionnaire "To what extent do you think the content of this helping is socially meaningful and significant?"…”

Section: Days Volunteeredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helping behavior following a failure experience¹

Yagi

Shimizu

1996

Jpn Psychol Res

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Abstract:A study was conducted to reconcile two conflicting models on the relationship of shame to helping. According to the negative-mood relief model, ashamed people try to help others to relieve a negative mood induced by a shameful experience. The self-esteem maintenance model suggests, however, that people whose self-esteem is threatened utilize helping behavior instrumentally to restore self-esteem. In the present study, 84 male subjects took an alleged intelligence test and received fictitious poor results, and in the next experimental stage, set up by a male experimenter who was not an observer of the subject's failure in the former stage, they were requested to help a person also unaware of subject's failure. On the basis of this paradigm for the shame-helping relation, the "ability" of the target person compared to the subject (superior vs. inferior) and the content of helping (meaningful vs. not meaningful) were manipulated. One level of each experimental variable was supposed to serve as an obstacle to maintaining self-esteem. Besides this 2 x 2 factorial design, subjects were classified as high or low in self-esteem; a control condition (with 16 subjects) was also included. The results provided unequivocal support for the self-esteem maintenance model: ashamed subjects were helpful only in the inferior-target/meaningful-help condition. This result did not interact with the relative levels of self-esteem; the lack of this interaction is explained in terms of self-esteem being trait.Key words: helping, shame, self-esteem enhancement, negative-mood relief, self-esteem.Human nature is fundamentally and universally egoistical; that is, the ultimate goal of helping another person is to increase one's own welfare. This view has long been dominant and widespread, especially in Western cultures. Probably none of us can completely deny such a cynical view, however uncomfortable it may be. Indeed, we know well that many forms of our own welfare can be derived from helping others, such as getting material rewards or public praise or even self-praise. In the field of psychology, several experimental researches that demonstrate the existence of egoistic motives lurking behind helping behavior have been conducted and have become familiar to us. Various types of negative emotions increase helpfulness, such as shame/embarrassment, guilt, or depression/sorrow. ashamed subjects complied with a request for help more than unashamed subjects did (e.g.. Apsler, 1975: Brown & Smart, 1991.Generally this shame-helping relation has been interpreted to mean that ashamed subjects helped someone to escape distress caused by a shameful experience. But if we are contented with having roughly brought universal human egoism to light and terminate the search for human nature, an important question will be left unanswered: what is the psychological process underlying the shame-helping relation? At least two models can explain that psychological process: the self-esteem maintenance model, and the negative-mood relief model. The differe...

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Analysis of Variance in Experimental Design

Cited by 180 publications

References 0 publications

Aldosterone synthase alleles and cardiovascular phenotype in young adults

Aldosterone synthase alleles and cardiovascular phenotype in young adults

Long-Term Variability of Wing Length in a Population of the Reed WarblerAcrocephalus scirpaceus

Helping behavior following a failure experience¹

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Analysis of Variance in Experimental Design

Cited by 180 publications

References 0 publications

Aldosterone synthase alleles and cardiovascular phenotype in young adults

Aldosterone synthase alleles and cardiovascular phenotype in young adults

Long-Term Variability of Wing Length in a Population of the Reed WarblerAcrocephalus scirpaceus

Helping behavior following a failure experience1

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Helping behavior following a failure experience¹