“…Recent literature illustrates that the heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) [20][21][22][23][24][25], bacterial foraging algorithm (BFO) [1,13,17,18], differential evaluation (DE) [19,[26][27][28], artificial bee colony (ABC) [11,29], cuckoo search (CS) [12,30], watershed algorithm [31], fuzzy logic [32], hybrid method [33], and self-adaptive parameter optimization algorithm [34] are widely considered for optimal multilevel image segmentation problem to enhance the outcome.…”