Analysis of Vehicle-Pedestrian Accident Risk Based on Simulation Experiments

Abstract

Vehicle-pedestrian accidents are one of the main types of road traffic accidents in China because of their mixed traffic features. By analyzing the characteristics of vehicle-pedestrian accidents, the head injury criterion (HIC) was selected as a quantitative index of pedestrian head injury risk, and vehicle-pedestrian collision simulation tests were carried out using PC-Crash. From the collected test data, the multivariate relationship models between the HIC, vehicle speed, and collision angle were fitted for different vehicle types. A risk assessment method for vehicle-pedestrian accidents based on the HIC was proposed by the Fisher optimal segmentation algorithm. Finally, a new index for evaluating the accuracy of accident risk classification, the degree of error classification, was proposed to verify the validity of the accident risk assessment method. The results show that vehicle speed, collision angle, and vehicle type play a key role in pedestrian injury. Flat-headed vehicles are more likely to cause head injuries to pedestrians than high-headed and low-headed vehicles. Rear-end collisions cause more injuries to pedestrians than side collisions. The research results can provide guidance and a basis for accident liability determination, speed limit management, vehicle safety design, and human injury mechanism analysis.

A Hierarchical Prediction Method for Pedestrian Head Injury in Intelligent Vehicle with Combined Active and Passive Safety System

“…It has been found that changing the vehicle braking mode can impact the probability of pedestrian landing injury and pedestrian head injury in a vehicle–pedestrian collisions [ 37 , 38 ]. Considering the realizability of intelligent vehicle braking curve regulation, the braking curve is expressed in a three-step method, where t 0 is the moment of pedestrian–vehicle collision; t 1 is the first contact time of the pedestrian’s head with the vehicle hood; t 2 is the complete braking time of the vehicle to prevent running over the pedestrian and causing secondary injury; and t end is the stopping motion of vehicle ( Figure 3 ).…”

“…The period from t 0 to t 1 is defined as T 1 , t 1 to t 2 is defined as T 2 , t 2 to t end is defined as T 3 , and the braking deceleration values for each period are defined as H 1 (braking value of T 1 segment), H 2 (braking value of T 2 segment), and H 3 (braking value of T 3 segment), respectively. It has been found that changing the vehicle braking mode can impact the probability of pedestrian landing injury and pedestrian head injury in a vehicle-pedestrian collisions [37,38]. Considering the realizability of intelligent vehicle braking curve regulation, the braking curve is expressed in a three-step method, where t0 is the moment of pedestrianvehicle collision; t1 is the first contact time of the pedestrian's head with the vehicle hood; t2 is the complete braking time of the vehicle to prevent running over the pedestrian and causing secondary injury; and tend is the stopping motion of vehicle (Figure 3).…”

“…Studies have found that pedestrian head injuries are more likely to lead to permanent injury, and serious cases can lead to pedestrian death. Therefore, the pedestrian HIC is used as an evaluation index by which to evaluate the severity of pedestrian injury in the system, and the mathematical definition is as follows: It has been found that changing the vehicle braking mode can impact the probability of pedestrian landing injury and pedestrian head injury in a vehicle-pedestrian collisions [37,38]. Considering the realizability of intelligent vehicle braking curve regulation, the braking curve is expressed in a three-step method, where t0 is the moment of pedestrianvehicle collision; t1 is the first contact time of the pedestrian's head with the vehicle hood; t2 is the complete braking time of the vehicle to prevent running over the pedestrian and causing secondary injury; and tend is the stopping motion of vehicle (Figure 3).…”

Numerical Approaches to Pedestrian Impact Simulation with Human Body Models: A Review

“…MB forensic models were also used in crashworthiness studies, for example, to assess the values of biomechanical injury criteria under different conditions [4,20,127,210,215]. However, since forensic models have not been reported to be validated for crashworthiness analyses, their ability for accurate injury prediction is doubtful.…”

Effectiveness of the Autonomous Braking and Evasive Steering System OPREVU-AES in Simulated Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Collisions

“…The intensity of head impact is usually assessed using the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). The use of PCCrash© to obtain the necessary kinematic parameters and to evaluate the influence of vehicle geometry and the angle and type of impact for the calculation of the HIC has been validated in recent papers [30,31].…”