Analysis of wines, grape juices and cranberry juices forAlternaria toxins

Scott, Peter; Lawrence, Guillaume A; Lau, Benjamin P.‐Y.

doi:10.1007/bf02956778

Cited by 72 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In North America, AOH, AME and TeA were analysed in 120 food samples of fruit juices and wines (Scott et al, 1997(Scott et al, , 2006Lau et al, 2003;Abramson et al, 2007). Regarding the studies of Scott et al (2006) and Lau et al (2003), only the results obtained by LC-MS or LC-MS/MS are reported in Appendix B Table B1.…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

411

188

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The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of Alternaria toxins in food and feed. In addition to causing plant diseases on many crops such as cereals, oilseeds, tomatoes, apples and olives, some of these toxins are genotoxic in vitro and/or fetotoxic in rats. This opinion deals with alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, iso-tenuazonic acid, altertoxins, tentoxin, altenuene and AAL-toxins (Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxins). Two Member States provided 11,730 occurrence results in food and also data published in the scientific literature were considered. Generally these toxins were found in grains and grain-based products, tomato and tomato products, sunflower seeds and sunflower oil, fruits and fruit products, and beer and wine. The feed occurrence data (1150 results) were collected from the literature only. The knowledge on toxic effects of Alternaria toxins on farm and companion animals and occurrence data in feed were insufficient to assess the health risk for different species. For chicken there are indications that alternariol represents a health risk but it cannot be excluded that tenuazonic acid could also be of concern. Considering: (1) there are few or no relevant toxicity data on Alternaria toxins, (2) the chemical structure of several of them is known, (3) dietary exposure data exist for some of them, the Panel on Contaminants in the food chain used the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach to assess the relative level of concern for dietary exposure of humans to these mycotoxins. For the genotoxic Alternaria toxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, the estimated chronic dietary exposure exceeded the relevant TTC value indicating a need for additional toxicity data. The dietary exposure estimates for nongenotoxic tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are lower than the relevant TTC value and are considered unlikely to be a human health concern. SUMMARYAlternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by Alternaria species that cause plant diseases on many crops. They are the principal contaminating fungi in wheat, sorghum and barley, and have also been reported to occur in oilseeds such as sunflower and rapeseed, tomato, apples, citrus fruits, olives and several other fruits and vegetables. Alternaria alternata is the most common Alternaria species in harvested fruits and vegetables, and is the most important mycotoxin-producing species. Due to their growth even at low temperature, Alternaria species are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage.Alternaria species produce more than 70 phytotoxins, but a small proportion of them have been chemically characterised and reported to act as mycotoxins to humans and animals. Some toxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altertoxins (ATX) are described to induce harmful effects in animals, including fetotoxic and teratogenic effects. Culture extracts of A. altern...

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Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the studies of Scott et al (2006) and Lau et al (2003), only the results obtained by LC-MS or LC-MS/MS are reported in Appendix B Table B1.…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

411

188

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“…Alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in red wine bought in Canada (Scott et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The ability of A. alternata to produce several different mycotoxins renders it interesting for mycotoxicologists (Scott et al 2006). Nevertheless, other Alternaria species are also able to produce mycotoxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternaria mycotoxins associated with grape berries in vitro and in situ

2013

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The aim of this study was to assess the production of secondary metabolites of Alternaria species isolated from grape berries and determined the occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in vitro and in dried berries. Direct morphological examination on different media was used for identification and HPLC/MS method for quantification of Alternaria mycotoxins. We isolated A. alternata and A. tenuissima and randomly selected strains in vitro and in dried berries. In vitro we identified the production of Alternaria metabolites, included mycotoxins: alternariol, alternariol methylether, tenuazonic acid. Beside that one in dry berries were in measurable concentrations: macrosporin A, tentoxin and altenuete (I, II).

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“…Even though the occurrence of AOH, AME and TA has been reported in wine [46][47][48], the presence of Alternaria isolates in the vineyard, harvest or post-harvest could not be correlated with the presence of mycotoxins in wine due to the lack of studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Determination of mycotoxin profiles characteristic ofAlternariastrains isolated from Malbec grapes

Trinidad

Ganoza

Pinto

et al. 2015

BIO Web of Conferences

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Abstract. The world grape production has increased, reaching 751 million quintals (Mql) in 2013. Many Alternaria species have been studied for their ability to produce secondary metabolites in foods, some of which have toxic properties with tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME) being the most important ones. The aim was to determine the characteristic mycotoxin production profiles of Alternaria strains isolated from Malbec grapes in the Patagonian region of Argentina. Fifty Alternaria isolates (5 A. alternata, 5 A. arborescens and 40 A. tenuissima) were analyzed for the production of mycotoxins (TA, AOH and AME) in autoclaved rice media by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All isolates were found to be producers of mycotoxins; the 100% was producer of TA (0.016-21.031 mg/kg), 98% produced AOH (0.003-0.057 mg/kg) and 36% produced AME (0.001-0.133 mg/kg). Thirty-three isolates co-produced the three mycotoxins. In this study, it was demonstrated a high toxigenic potential of Alternaria isolates. Although Alternaria growth on grapes has been amply demonstrated, there are few studies about the incidence their more characteristic mycotoxin sand their toxicogenic capacity determination in grapes, wines and derivatives. In addition, mycotoxins studied in this work are not regulated in oenology. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to assess the health risk due to the presence of Alternaria toxins in grapes, wine, grape juice and raisins.

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Analysis of wines, grape juices and cranberry juices forAlternaria toxins

Cited by 72 publications

References 11 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Alternaria mycotoxins associated with grape berries in vitro and in situ

Determination of mycotoxin profiles characteristic ofAlternariastrains isolated from Malbec grapes

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