In this paper, firstly, according to mental health education, the research on the perception penetration of the piano course is illustrated from the two directions of body perception and mind perception. Secondly, it researches the music feature extraction in the piano course, obtains the amplitude, wavelength and frequency of the music feature according to the piano string vibration equation, then applies the short-time Fourier analysis to identify the music feature and reconstructs the piano timbre by using the identification result, which provides technical support for the design and realization of the piano course teaching system. Then, the overall design direction of the piano course teaching system is determined according to the teaching needs of the piano course in colleges and universities, and then the core module of the piano course system is realized. At the same time, the teaching of piano courses is empirically analyzed through statistical analysis. The results show that there is a significant difference between piano course teaching and the degree of perception and cognition in piano course teaching (F=4.194, p<0.05), there is a significant difference between piano course teaching and the degree of cognition (F=4.243, p<0.05), and there is a significant difference between piano course teaching and interpersonal relationship (F=5.391, p<0.05). This study not only has a promoting effect on piano teaching in colleges and universities but also improves the guiding value of piano curriculum reform in colleges and universities.