Analysis, operation and maintenance of a fuel cell/battery series-hybrid bus for urban transit applications

Bubna, Piyush; Brunner, Doug; Gangloff, John J.; Advani, Suresh G.; Prasad, Ajay K.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.080

Cited by 65 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Electric drive efficiency 75% (Majeau-Bettez, et al, 2011;Notter, et al, 2010;Samaras & Meisterling, 2008) Charger efficiency 90% (Bennion & O'Keefe, 2010;Bubna, et al, 2010;Callaghan & Lynch, 2005 …”

Section: Eb Inputs (Cont'd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel and Electric Public Transportation Buses

Cooney¹,

Hawkins²,

Marriott³

2013

J of Industrial Ecology

119

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ivIn 2005, there were approximately 50,000 diesel powered public transit buses operating in the United States, consuming over 500 million gallons of fuel annually. The Clean Air Act identifies diesel powered motor vehicles, including transit buses, as significant sources of several criteria pollutants which contribute to ground level ozone formation or smog. The effects of air pollution in urban areas are often more significant due to congestion and can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular health impacts. Life cycle assessment has been utilized in the literature to compare conventional gasoline powered passenger cars with various types of electric and hybrid powered alternatives; however, no similarly detailed studies exist for mass transit buses.LCA results from this study indicate that the use phase, consisting of diesel production/combustion for the conventional bus and electricity generation for the electric bus, dominates most impact categories; however, the effects of battery production are significant for global warming, carcinogenics, ozone depletion, and ecotoxicity. There is a clear connection between the mix of power generation technologies and the preference for the diesel or electric bus. With the existing U.S. average grid, there is a strong preference for the conventional diesel bus over the electric bus when considering global warming impacts alone. Policy makers must consider regional variations in the electricity grid prior to recommending the use of battery electric buses to reduce CO 2 emissions. This study found that the electric bus was preferable in only eight states including Washington and Oregon. Improvements in battery technology reduce the life cycle impacts from the electric bus, but the electricity grid makeup is the dominant variable.

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Section: Eb Inputs (Cont'd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel and Electric Public Transportation Buses

Cooney¹,

Hawkins²,

Marriott³

2013

J of Industrial Ecology

119

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“…This control strategy [5] consists of two separate control loops configured as shown in Figure 3; it is so-named because each controller is based on algebraic equations. Controller 1, which is responsible for meeting the bus power demand, is based on the straightforward logic that the total power output to the bus is the sum of what the battery discharges and what is produced by the PV array, i.e., Consequently, the power needed from the battery in order to meet the power demand is only what is required to augment the PV array output; that is, the appropriate , , is the difference between the desired power, , (which is pre-specified), and , which is uncontrolled: i.e.,…”

Section: Algebraic Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where β is a proportionality constant (The appropriate value for β is determined from the battery power capacity (60,000 Wh) divided by the desired battery recharge time (changed from the value of 0.75 h in the original publication [5] to 0.2 h here in order to accommodate the corresponding change in from 55% to 65%), and by 100 (to convert from W to W/%) [5].) (3000 W/%) and is the one-hour time average net power of the battery.…”

Section: Algebraic Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the University of Delaware, a HRES shuttle bus consisting of a PEMFC and a nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery ( Figure 1) was recently incorporated into the university's shuttle bus fleet [5]. The NiCd battery is used to meet the bus's power demand while the hydrogen-fueled PEMFC is used to maintain the NiCd battery's state of charge (SOC) at a desired value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we consider two separate control strategies: an "algebraic" control strategy (currently used on the bus [5]) and standard proportional-integral (PI) control. These control strategies retain the simplicity and computational efficiency of rule-based methods, while employing instantaneous system information without requiring a priori knowledge of the drive cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design, Operation, Control, and Economics of a Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Automotive Applications

et al. 2015

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Abstract:Meeting rapidly growing global energy demand-without producing greenhouse gases or further diminishing the availability of non-renewable resources-requires the development of affordable low-emission renewable energy systems. Here, we develop a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for automotive applications-specifically, a roof-installed photovoltaic (PV) array combined with a PEM fuel cell/NiCd battery bus currently operating shuttle routes on the University of Delaware campus. The system's overall operating objectives-meeting the total power demand of the bus and maintaining the desired state of charge (SOC) of the NiCd battery-are achieved with appropriately designed controllers: a logic-based "algebraic controller" and a standard PI controller. The design, implementation, and performance of the hybrid system are demonstrated via simulation of real shuttle runs under various operating conditions. The results show that both control strategies perform equally well in enabling the HRES to meet its objectives under typical operating conditions, and under sudden cloud cover conditions; however, at consistently high bus speeds, battery SOC maintenance is better, and the system consumes less hydrogen, with PI control. An economic analysis of the PV investment necessary to realize the HRES design objectives indicates a return on investment of approximately 30% (a slight, but nonetheless positive, ~$550 profit over the bus lifetime) in Newark, DE, OPEN ACCESSProcesses 2015, 3 453 establishing the economic viability of the proposed addition of a PV array to the existing University of Delaware fuel cell/battery bus.

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Battery hybridization for achieving both high power and high energy densities

Kim

Jung

2018

Int J Energy Res

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Summary Instead of developing a new battery to meet required specifications of an automotive battery pack, different batteries can be combined to construct a hybrid battery module to simultaneously achieve both high power and high energy densities in a single system. To investigate the feasibility of battery hybridization concept, a circuit‐based hybrid battery model similar to physics‐based, blended‐electrode model is developed. Our simulation results confirm that the hybrid battery model shows good agreement with physics‐based model. Prototype hybrid battery modules consisting of two different lithium‐ion batteries are constructed according to various configurations. A computational model representing the constructed hybrid battery module is developed for model validation. Our experimental results show that the capacity and power of a battery module can be controlled by combining different batteries. The computational model of the hybrid battery shows good agreement with experimental results, confirming high fidelity of the proposed model.

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Analysis, operation and maintenance of a fuel cell/battery series-hybrid bus for urban transit applications

Cited by 65 publications

References 6 publications

Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel and Electric Public Transportation Buses

Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel and Electric Public Transportation Buses

Design, Operation, Control, and Economics of a Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Automotive Applications

Battery hybridization for achieving both high power and high energy densities

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