“…A number of modeling and simulation techniques have been introduced to calculate the target probability of kill, particularly in the aircraft vulnerability domain (see Ball, ). These include variants of Markov Chain and Tree Diagram approaches (see, e.g., Pei & Song, ; Wang, Song, & Hu, ). Other studies have focused on targets with multiple overlapping redundant and nonredundant subsystem components (see Pei & Song, ; Pei, Li, & Song, ).…”