Analytical Applications of Membrane Extraction for Biomedical and Environmental Liquid Sample Preparation

The activity of nanopowder and mesoporous titanium catalysts for the analysis of fatty acids in triglycerides by pyrolysis methylation with dimethyl carbonate

“…The principles of green or sustainable chemistry aimed at reducing the use and generation of hazardous substances are finding their path into the field of analytical chemistry [1][2][3][4][5]. In terms of risk and waste generation the analytical context may appear negligible with respect to synthetic and industrial applications, nevertheless the ratio of by-products to desired products of laboratories with elevated sample throughput can approach that of fine chemical industry [3].…”

“…Solvents are certainly the main source of organic wastes, consequently much effort has been devoted to the development of solventless techniques (e.g. SPME, membrane [5]) and the search of alternative solvents in sample treatment (e.g. supercritical fluids, ionic liquids [3]).…”

Sample Preparation

“…For more information on membrane separations, see [71]. Microporous, semi-permeable membranes permit selective filtration because of the size of their micropores.…”

Gas‐diffusion microextraction

“…However, the analytical application of membranes is more recent and it is normally associated with flow systems of analysis 13–18. There have been published different ways of classifying the diverse types of membrane extraction 9–11, 13, 19, 20. Excluding filtration and dialysis, where separation is mainly achieved by different pore sizes (the driving force in the first case is a pressure gradient and in the latter a concentration gradient) 20, techniques can be grouped into two major groups.…”