This paper presents a theoretical modeling and numerical and experimental investigations of the laminar convective condensation inside a circular smooth tube. The developed model includes the interaction between the surface tension, gravity, and shear stresses at the vapor-liquid interface and its cross influence on heat transfer. The influence of the gravity force, tube diameter, and temperature drop on the heat transfer at in-tube condensation of pure ethanol vapor is considered. The heat transfer coefficient as a function of the inclination angle of the condenser tube and the temperature drop between the vapor saturation and the wall temperatures is measured. A comparison of the experimental and numerical data is performed. The results of the numerical calculation are in good agreement with the experimental results. Numerical experiments have been carried out with the aim of predicting the time length of the transition to the steady-state regime after an abrupt change of the gravity level. It is shown that the transition time to the steady-state regime increases with an increase in the diameter of the condenser tube. The transition time to the steady-state regime under microgravity conditions is longer than that under normal gravity for a tube with a diameter larger than the value close to the capillary length of the working liquid.