Traditionally, the crystallization unit operation and
process variables
(e.g., temperature and/or antisolvent addition profile, agitation
rate, and seeding parameters) are optimized using the design of experiments
(DOE) methodology within the quality-by-design (QbD) framework. To
achieve rapid process design, reduce the number of experiments, and
minimize personnel exposure to toxic chemicals, quality-by-control
(QbC)-based methods (i.e., direct design or model-free methods) such
as supersaturation control and direct nucleation control can be applied
to quickly determine an operating profile of a process, leading the
system to the desired critical quality attributes (CQAs). In this
work, various direct design approaches were implemented to investigate
the impact on the particle length and filtration time of high-aspect-ratio
particles. In addition, an alternative image-based direct design approach,
called turbidity direct nucleation control (TDNC), was implemented,
which improved the filtration time by 2.5 times compared to that in
the standard process. The robustness, usability, and scalability of
the TDNC approach were investigated by varying the solvent composition
and running open-loop scale-up experiments. The improved procedure
was applied to a commercial-scale crystallizer, resulting in similar
improvements in the filtration rate. The commercial scale-up also
resulted in a surprising reduction in wash efficiency requiring centrifuge
optimization to be addressed.