“…With the rapid development of urban rail transit networks, increasing demands of smoothness and safety of the in-service tunnels when subjected to limitation of available underground space, will conduct unforeseen adverse impacts on or even seriously damage to the adjacent in-service tunnels (Fang et al, 2022;Gan et al, 2022;Wei and Jiang, 2021;Zhang et al, 2022). To ensure the serviceability of underlying shield tunnels, it is necessary to study responses of tunnel construction on the adjacent existing shield tunnels in the complex environment (Fang et al, 2023;Ma et al, 2023;Wei, 2023;Zhang et al, 2023a;Zhang et al, 2023b;Zhou et al, 2020).…”