Analytical Model for Blood Glucose Detection using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract

Pathogens and adulterants in human feeding consumables can be readily identified according to their electrical properties. Electrical bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been widely used for body contents characterization, such as blood, urine, lactate and sweat. If the blood glucose concentration alters the electrical properties of the blood medium, then the impedance spectrum obtained by BIA can be used to measure glycemia. In some applications, artificial neural networks allows the correlation of these parameters (impedance and glucose concentration) by means of symbolic and statistical rules. According to our literature review, there is any physical model that allows the interpretation of the relationship between blood’s electrical properties, obtained by BIA, and the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma. This article proposes a simplified physical model for blood electrical conductivity as a function of glucose concentration, based on Bruggeman’s effective medium theory. The equations of this model were obtained considering an insulating phase distribution diffused in a conductive matrix, in which red blood cells are represented by macroscopic insulating nuclei and glucose molecules by microscopic insulating particles. The impedance spectrum for different glucose concentrations (4.0 to 6.8 mmol/L) in a blood sample, published by Kamat Bagul (2014), were compared with the proposed model. The results showed a significant correlation with the experimental data, showing a maximum error of 5.2%. The proposed model might be useful in the design of noninvasive blood glucose monitoring systems.

Innovations in Glucose Monitoring

“…These devices emit radio waves through the skin to measure the molecular signature of glucose in the blood with spectroscopy (Park, 2021). Another promising approach uses electrical bioimpedance analysis (Pedro et al, 2020). Regardless of the technology, the Food and Drug Administration requires 95 percent of sensor values within 15 percent of blood glucose levels for approval as a medical device (Delbeck et al, 2019).…”

An Electrical Bioimpedance Scanning System for Subsurface Tissue Detection in Robot Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery

“…This sensing technology features compact size, low cost, fast response and high sensitivity. Previous studies have demonstrated its efficacy in many clinical applications such as venipuncture detection [20], cancer detection [21], stage monitoring in bone drilling [22] and glucose measurement [23].…”