“…In contemporary research, extensive field studies have been conducted on the bearing capacity of suction caissons, their loading points, and soil characteristics, as documented by scholars such as Andersen et al [6], Dyvik et al [7], and Ravichandran et al [8]. Parallel to these discussions, Burg and Bang [9] highlighted factors affecting the horizontal loading capacity of suction caissons, including the point of horizontal load application, flange and pile diameters, seafloor soil strength, pile diameter-to-length ratio, and properties of layered soils. Apart from field tests, laboratory experiments, particularly centrifuge tests and 1 g model tests, have played a crucial role in gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanical behavior of suction anchors [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”