Analytical Study on Multi-Tier 5G Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks: Coverage Performance and Energy Efficiency

Xiao, Zhu; Liu, Hongjing; Havyarimana, Vincent; Li, Tong; Wang, Dong

doi:10.3390/s16111854

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Recently, several studies with regard to the EE of small cells have been investigated [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The coverage and EE of small-cell networks were analysed under a stochastic geometry model in [8], where the optimal BS density was obtained by taking into account the network costs, including energy consumption, hardware, and backhaul cables.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy efficiency of ultra‐dense small‐cell downlink networks with adaptive cell breathing

Jin

Kim

et al. 2018

IET Communications

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The authors propose an adaptive cell-breathing (ACB) technique to improve the energy efficiency (EE) of a downlink cellular network consisting of small-cell base stations (BSs), wherein each BS adaptively adjusts its transmission power such that the received signal strength of the worst-case user is larger than a pre-defined threshold. They also propose an aggressive BS on-off (ABO) technique in which the small-cell BSs having a number of users smaller than a certain value, N th , are turned off, whereas conventional techniques only turn off the empty BSs. They adopt a stochastic geometry for modelling the locations of both BSs and users. Simulation results show that the ACB technique yields a much better EE than the power on-off technique with a fixed power, including the ABO technique. In particular, the EE of the ACB technique is proportional to (λ b) c (c > 0), where λ b denotes the BS density and the exponent c denotes the increasing ratio of the EE to λ b in the log − log domain. The EE of the ABO technique tends to increase as N th increases.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the performance of macro-cell was not considered, the interference from macro-cell to those femto-and pico-cells was taken into account in the analysis. However, in both [11,12], the power control of the BSs was not considered.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy efficiency of ultra‐dense small‐cell downlink networks with adaptive cell breathing

Jin

Kim

et al. 2018

IET Communications

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“…The growth tendency of wireless sensor networks and the electronics devices market is expected to continue in the following few decades, as the demand for information services is increasing. With more and more communication system and electronic devices going to wireless, the next generation of wireless sensor networks will be confronted with frequency spectral crowding, and coexistence with the pre-existing wireless devices will be one of the most important challenges [1,2,3,4]. Cognitive radio (CR) techniques [2,5,6] and ultra-wide band (UWB) radio communication techniques are considered as a part of the most important solutions for friendly coexistence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Complex-Coefficient In-Band Interference Suppression Algorithm for Cognitive Ultra-Wide Band Wireless Sensors Networks

Huagang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sensors

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With the rapid development of wireless communication systems and electronic techniques, the limited frequency spectrum resources are shared with various wireless devices, leading to a crowded and challenging coexistence circumstance. Cognitive radio (CR) and ultra-wide band (UWB), as sophisticated wireless techniques, have been considered as significant solutions to solve the harmonious coexistence issues. UWB wireless sensors can share the spectrum with primary user (PU) systems without harmful interference. The in-band interference of UWB systems should be considered because such interference can severely affect the transmissions of UWB wireless systems. In order to solve the in-band interference issues for UWB wireless sensor networks (WSN), a novel in-band narrow band interferences (NBIs) elimination scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed narrow band interferences suppression scheme is based on a novel complex-coefficient adaptive notch filter unit with a single constrained zero-pole pair. Moreover, in order to reduce the computation complexity of the proposed scheme, an adaptive complex-coefficient iterative method based on two-order Taylor series is designed. To cope with multiple narrow band interferences, a linear cascaded high order adaptive filter and a cyclic cascaded high order matrix adaptive filter (CCHOMAF) interference suppression algorithm based on the basic adaptive notch filter unit are also presented. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed CCHOMAF algorithm can achieve better performance in terms of average bit error rate for UWB WSNs. The proposed in-band NBIs elimination scheme can significantly improve the reception performance of low-cost and low-power UWB wireless systems.

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“…As a result, the idea of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has been proposed and has received great attention in industry and academia. 2,3 In HetNets, a conventional cellular network is overlaid with a diverse set of small cell low-power base stations (BSs) 4 such as picocells and femtocells. The heterogeneity among different BSs is due to their varying coverage areas, diverse traffic loads, different transmission power limits, path-loss, and spatial diversity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Energy‐spectrum‐efficient three‐tier heterogeneous networks with D2D harvesting energy and uplink coverage analysis

Jia

Fan

et al. 2018

Int J Communication

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To guard the communication quality of cell edge users (CEUs) and simultaneously improve the energy-spectrum efficiency, a novel 3-tier heterogeneous network (HetNet) model is proposed, which consists of macro cells, femtocells, and device-to-device (D2D) networks. Specially, with a predefined cell split factor R, the macro cell users are split into as cell center users (CCUs) and CEUs, respectively. Correspondingly, the total available spectrum band consisting of N channels is divided into CCU band and CEU band with a given coefficient p m . The CCU band containing p m N subchannels is shared by CCUs and femtocell users (FUs), and the CEU band containing(1 − p m ) N subchannels is shared by D2D users and CEUs. The perfect network synchronization is assumed, and a communication round consists of downlink transmission and uplink transmission phases. The battery-free D2D terminals harvest energy from the ambient radio frequency interference in the downlink transmission phase based on inverse power control scheme and communicate in the uplink transmission phase only when they harvest enough energy to perform channel inversion toward the receiver. For such 3-tier HetNets, by modeling the network elements as independent Poisson point processes (PPPs) and using stochastic geometry method, we first investigate the sufficiency probability that a D2D transmitter harvests enough energy to establish a communication link. Then, by combining sufficiency probability and channel access probability, the thinned independent PPPs for the locations of CCUs, CEUs, FUs, and D2D users are modeled. Based on these thinned PPP models, we perform a comprehensive investigation on the coverage probabilities of CCU, CEU, and FU uplinks as well as the D2D transmission. The simulated and numerical results show that using the presented cell split strategy enhances the performance of CCUs and CEUs because of the decrease of interference. The presented comparison analysis displays that the effect of D2D networks on the macro cell or the whole HetNets is limited and can be omitted. Therefore, the energy and spectrum efficiencies of networks are enhanced, simultaneously. At the same time, our results indicate that by using our derivations, we can perform the optimal design of the HetNets. KEYWORDScell center user, cell edge user, cell split, energy harvesting, heterogeneous networks 1 | INTRODUCTION Nowadays, with the proliferation of smart phones, tablets, and data-hungry multimedia applications, there has been exponential growth in mobile data and traffic. In recent report, 1 Cisco predicts that mobile data traffic will hit an annual run rate of 367.2 exabytes by 2020. More specifically, a compound annual growth rate to the data traffic from 2015 to 2020 is 53%. The fast and continuous growing mobile data traffic causes the deficiency of cellular network capacity. To mitigate this problem and meet the exponential growth of mobile traffic, the network operators have already started to devise new solutions. An advanced approach is strongly required ...

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Analytical Study on Multi-Tier 5G Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks: Coverage Performance and Energy Efficiency

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Energy efficiency of ultra‐dense small‐cell downlink networks with adaptive cell breathing

Energy efficiency of ultra‐dense small‐cell downlink networks with adaptive cell breathing

A Novel Complex-Coefficient In-Band Interference Suppression Algorithm for Cognitive Ultra-Wide Band Wireless Sensors Networks

Energy‐spectrum‐efficient three‐tier heterogeneous networks with D2D harvesting energy and uplink coverage analysis

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