Analytical Upgridding Method to Preserve Dynamic Flow Behavior

Abstract

Geo-cellular model contains millions of grid blocks and needs to be up-scaled before the model can be used as an input for flow simulation. Available techniques for upgridding vary from simple methods such as proportional fractioning to more complicated methods such as maintaining heterogeneities through variance calculations. All these methods are independent of the flow process for which simulation is going to be used, and are independent of well configuration. We propose a new upgridding method which preserves the pressure profile at the upscaled level. It is well established that more complex the flow process, more the detailed level of heterogeneity is needed in simulation model. In general, ideal upscaling is the process which preserves the "pressure profile" from the fine scale model under the applicable flow process. In our method we upgrid the geological model using simple flow equations in porous media. However, it should be remembered that to get a better match between fine scale and coarse scale, we also need to use appropriate upscaling of the reservoir properties. The new methodology is currently developed for single phase flow; however, we used it for both single phase and two phase flows for 2D and 3D cases. The methodology fundamentally differs from the other methods which try to preserve heterogeneities. In those methods, grid blocks are combined which have similar velocities (or other properties) by assuming constant pressure drop across the blocks. Instead, we combine the grid blocks which have similar pressure profiles. The procedure is analytical and hence very efficient, but preserves the pressure profile in the reservoir. The grid blocks (or layers) are combined in a way so that the difference between fine scale and coarse scale pressure profiles is minimized. In addition, we also propose two new criteria that allow us to choose the optimum number of the layers more accurately so that critical level of heterogeneity is preserved. These criteria provide insight into the overall level of heterogeneity in the reservoir as well as effectiveness of the layering design. We compare the results of our method with proportional layering and King et al.'s method (King 2005) and show that, for the same number of layers, the proposed method better captures the results of the fine scale model. We show that the layer merging not only depends on the variation in the permeability between the grid blocks, but also on relative magnitude of the permeability values. We also show that new method can account for additional variables such as grid block thicknesses and the size.

A Dual Scale Approach to Production Data Integration into High Resolution Geologic Models

“…In our experience our choice of the coarsening parameter leads to a more logical and conservative merging of layers. Similar observations have been reported by Hosseini et al (2008).…”

Upgridding Method for Tight Gas Reservoirs

“…The whole idea is to combine layers which have similar pressure profiles (calculated from no cross-flow assumption) in fine and coarse scale grids and to preserve the variation in permeabilities during the process of upgridding. Hosseini and Kelkar (2008) also suggested the use of two parameters design factor (DF) and error per layer (EPL) to determine optimum number of layers. DF identifies the effectiveness of coarsening design with respect to the proportional layering and EPL is defined by the cumulative error at a particular step of upgridding divided by the number of the layers at that step.…”