Analyzing Data from Ordered Categories

Moses, Lincoln E.; Emerson, John D.; Hosseini, Hussein

doi:10.1056/nejm198408163110705

Cited by 283 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Trends in proportions were identified using the Mann-Whitney U test, which is based on ranks and is applicable to very small samples (Moses et al, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Telomerase activation cooperates with inactivation of p16 in early head and neck tumorigenesis

et al. 2001

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Summary Alteration of the p16/pRb pathway may cooperate with telomerase activation during cellular immortalization and tumour progression. We studied p16 expression status by immunohistochemistry and telomerase activity using the TRAP assay in 21 premalignant lesions of the head and neck epithelium as well as 27 squamous-cell carcinomas. We also examined expression of other components of the pathway (cyclin D1 and pRb) as well as presence of human papillomavirus genomes which can target these molecules. 4 of 9 mild dysplastic lesions (44%), 8 of 12 moderate/severe dysplastic lesions (67%), and 25 of 27 squamous-cell carcinomas (92%) demonstrated high telomerase activity (P = 0.009). There was a parallel increase with severity of lesions for the trend in proportions of cases demonstrating p16 inactivation or cyclin D1 overexpression (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). For Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, this trend was not significant (P = 0.08). Human papillomavirus infection was only found in 4 cases among the 48 samples tested (8.3%). In conclusion, progression of disease is accompanied by a parallel and continuous increase in telomerase activity and alterations in cell cycle regulators (p16, cyclin D1), as proposed by in vitro models. of this pathway (i.e. pRb and cyclin D1). Moreover and since the p16/pRb pathway can also be targeted by the E7 gene product of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) (Jones and Munger, 1996), we have also performed a PCR-detection of HPV genome in our samples.

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“…Trends in proportions were identified using the Mann-Whitney U test, which is based on ranks and is applicable to very small samples (Moses et al, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Telomerase activation cooperates with inactivation of p16 in early head and neck tumorigenesis

et al. 2001

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“…In practice, some empirical literature has treated ordinal data as cardinal for tractability and model flexibility (see, e.g. Allan 1976;Harwell and Gatti 2001), or because this can provide additional insights into useful relationships (Moses, Emerson, and Hosseini 1984). In the empirical application that follows, the education dimension will be treated in this manner.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Well-being: A Multidimensional Index Integrating Subjective Well-being and Preferences

Yang

2018

Journal of Human Development and Capabilities

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Policymakers have begun looking for multidimensional alternatives to incomebased measures for assessing well-being in societies. The Human Development Index (HDI) and related composite indices have been widely criticized in the welfare economic literature, yet are still some of the most influential income-alternatives in the research and policy arena. What are the theoretical links that bridge the gap between these composite indices and the criticisms levelled at them? This paper introduces the "preference index approach," a multidimensional measure bringing together the "equivalence approach" and the "distance function" in welfare economic theory. It retains convenient similarities with HDI-type composite indices, but assesses well-being in a way that reflects interpersonal differences in preferences between dimensions of well-being, whilst retaining comparability of well-being levels between individuals. The approach is applied empirically with data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) to estimate different preference types between well-being dimensions. The empirical application finds that preferences differ by age, education level and unemployment status, and finds a weaker preference for the health and income dimension within older groups. Across all groups, health is strongly prioritized over income. When preference heterogeneities are taken into account, the picture of wellbeing looks quite different than that painted by standard welfare measures.

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“…We remark that this approach was described over 20 years ago in the medical setting, 3 though its application to categorical data predates this. Our null hypothesis is that the distributions of mRS scores are identical in the 2 arms of the trial; we might be particularly interested in a 1-sided alternative hypothesis, that mRS scores on the NXY-059 arm tend to be smaller than those on the placebo arm (though 2-sided alternatives might also be entertained, especially by regulatory agencies).…”

Section: Nonparametric Analysis Of Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Analysis and Interpretation of Outcome Measures in Stroke Clinical Trials

Koziol

Feng

2006

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-A variety of primary end points have been used in acute stroke trials. We focus on the modified Rankin Scale, a reliable and valid ordinal outcome measure that assesses disability on a 7-point scale. Methods-We provide an abbreviated discussion of analytical methods for ordinal scales, and related effect size measures;we illustrate these methods and their interpretation with outcome data from the SAINT I study of NXY-059 in acute ischemic stroke. Results-The nonparametric Mann-Whitney statistic provides a straightforward method for analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, and incorporates associated measures of effect size. These measures are directly related to the concepts of Number Needed to Treat and Number Needed to Harm. Conclusions-Our re-examination of the outcome data from the SAINT I study provides little evidence for the purported efficacy of NXY-059. More broadly, analysis and interpretation of ordinal outcome scales based on ascribed numerical values to the steps of the scale should be done cautiously. Statistical treatment of multiple primary outcome measures in acute stroke clinical trials should be established before analysis. Lastly, conflating statistical and clinical significance should be avoided.

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Analyzing Data from Ordered Categories

Cited by 283 publications

References 5 publications

Telomerase activation cooperates with inactivation of p16 in early head and neck tumorigenesis

Telomerase activation cooperates with inactivation of p16 in early head and neck tumorigenesis

Measuring Well-being: A Multidimensional Index Integrating Subjective Well-being and Preferences

On the Analysis and Interpretation of Outcome Measures in Stroke Clinical Trials

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