Analyzing Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Fungal Blue Light Therapy via Kernel-Based Modeling the Reactive Oxygen Species Induced by Light

Abstract

The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of ABL for inactivating Candida albicans (C. albicans), and to determine the best wavelength for treating candida infected disease, by experimental measurements and dynamic modeling. Methods: The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans and human host cells under the irradiation of 385, 405, and 415 nm wavelengths light with irradiance of 50 mW/cm 2 were measured. Moreover, a kernel-based nonlinear dynamic model, i.e., nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX), was developed and applied to predict the concentration of light-induced ROS, whose kernels were selected by a newly developed algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). Results: The ROS concentration was increased respectively about 10-12 times in C. albicans and about 3-6 times in human epithelial cells by the ABL treatment with the same fluence of 90 J/cm 2 . The NARX models were respectively fitted to the data from the experiments on both types of cells. Besides, four different kernel functions, including Gaussian, Laplace, linear and polynomial kernels, were compared in their fitting accuracies. The errors with the Laplace kernel turned out to be only 0.2704 and 0.0593, as respectively fitted to the experimental data of the C. albicans and human host cells. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the NARX modeling approach, and revealed that the 415 nm light was more effective as an anti-fungal treatment with less damage to the host cells than the 405 or 385 nm light. Significance: The kernel-based NARX model identification algorithm offers opportunities for determining the effective and safe light dosages in treating various fungal infection diseases.

Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: A Review

“…Human cells can be exposed to ROS in one of two ways, either exogenous or endogenous . Exogenous ROS exposure is including but is not limited to UV-light exposure and industrial pollutants.…”

Suppressing epithelial‐mesenchymal‐transition blue light therapy for reducing macrophage‐mediated cancerous pulmonary fibrosis: An in‐vitro study

“…Our previous study analyzed the efficacy and safety of Anti-Fungal blue light therapy [50,51], while the effects observed in different cells varied significantly. CCK-8 tests showed a general tendency towards decreased cell viability.…”

Analysis and Data-Based Modeling of the Photochemical Reaction Dynamics of the Induced Singlet Oxygen in Light Therapies

“…However, although ABL are believed to be caused by the PSs that naturally exist in fungal cells, whose types and amounts are usually unknown, modeling by first-principles becomes even more challenging than modeling PDT. To accommodate these modeling challenges, data-driven modeling methods based on time-series have been investigated [25]- [27]. However, there is still no attempt made to ease the model form and the parameter estimation in the classical MSO models, in a similar data-driven fashion based on measured time-series data.…”