Analyzing emission characteristics of bio-fuel at varying mass fraction of nanoparticles

Influence of varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles and engine speed on the performance and emissions of diesel engine operated on waste cooking oil biodiesel blends using response surface methodology

“…In order to eliminate as many contaminants as possible from the cleaned biodiesel, it was heated in a rotary evaporator for 35–40 min at 65 °C and 150 rpm. After passing it through the Whatman filter paper [ 16 ], the biodiesel yield was finally determined using Equation (1) [ 42 ]. Both the density and the kinematic viscosity at15 °C and 40 °C respectively have been measured with a viscometer.…”

“…Biodiesel can be applied straight in diesel engines without any modifications because it is readily available, environmentally beneficial, non-toxic, and has a tiny amount of sulfur that may be recycled [ 15 ]. Nanoparticles utilization in biodiesel engines has been the subject of a great deal of published work [ 16 ]. The normal practice calls for the use of additives to better fuel’s qualities.…”