“…Investigations have revealed that the impact pressure of debris flows is influenced by many factors including front velocity, flow depth, bulk density, liquid volume fractions, solid volume fractions, and the interaction between debris flows and obstructions [15][16][17][18], and both laboratory experiments and in situ tests have been conducted to physically explain and quantify the impact pressure of debris flow on bridge decks, piers foundation, and abutment [10,19,20]. Additionally, numerical simulations have aided vulnerability analysis of bridge structures [21], and hybrid models have been utilized to simulate both horizontal and vertical forces exerted on bridge decks by debris flow [22]. Another possible reason for bridge destruction comes from the accumulation of debris.…”