Analyzing of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Biogas/Pumped-Hydro Off-Grid Hybrid System for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa—Case Study of Djoundé in Northern Cameroon

Yimen, Nasser; Hamandjoda, Oumarou; Meva’a, Lucien; Benoît, Ndzana; Nganhou, Jean

doi:10.3390/en11102644

Cited by 111 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In addition, it allows the user to conduct sensitivity analyses for further assessment. Due to the various functions of HOMER with customized options, many studies have used it as a tool for conducting techno-economic feasibility analyses of off-grid energy systems [3,[6][7][8]11,[23][24][25]. Due to the various functions within HOMER with customized options, this study also uses HOMER to derive the NPC and LCOE of the most effective off-grid energy system for the selected location.…”

Section: Homer Simulation For An Off-grid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy Options for a Rural Village in North Korea

Kang

Jung

2020

Sustainability

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The national electrification rate of North Korea is extremely low and the situation in rural areas is even worse. Thus, this study designs a virtual electrification project for a rural village in North Pyongan and compares an off-grid energy system and on-grid system in terms of net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) to define the most cost-effective energy system. Using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER), this study designs two off-grid systems that apply different types of batteries—lead–acid and lithium-ion energy storage systems (ESS)—and determines the NPC and LCOE of the most cost-effective system. Then, it calculates the NPC and LCOE of grid extension by adding necessary costs required for generation, transmission, and distribution. The result shows that the hybrid energy system (HES) of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, lead–acid batteries, and diesel generators is the most cost-effective option for the selected location. The range of breakeven grid-extension distance is from 9.69 km to 20.57 km. The sensitivity analysis based on different discount rates shows that a higher discount rate means a shorter breakeven distance. This analysis suggests that deploying an HES is one way to improve the electrification rate for remote and rural areas in North Korea.

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Section: Homer Simulation For An Off-grid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy Options for a Rural Village in North Korea

Kang

Jung

2020

Sustainability

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“…The only selection criterion was the availability of data from the NASA database. The selected locations are listed as follows: Banyo (1), Garoua (2), Maroua (3), Meiganga (4), Mokolo (5), Mora (6), Ngaoundéré (7), Poli (8), Tcholoré (9), Tibati (10), Tignère (11), and Yagoua (12).…”

Section: The Area Of the Study And Selected Alternative Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the NPV were considered as the only criterion of evaluation, Mora would be the best site, followed by Mokolo and Poli. The electricity fed into the grid, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the capacity factor of the PV system all vary from Banyo to Mora, from 10,671 MWh/year to 11,567 MWh/year, from 9156 tCO 2 /year to 9797 tCO 2 /year, and from 24.4% to 26.1%, respectively. All sites meet the NPV constraint (NPV ≥ 0€).…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2016 it was only 266 kWh, which was very low as compared to the 4000 kWh in South Africa or the 13,000 kWh in the USA [10]. Furthermore, there are still 9 million people without access to electricity, which leads to a national electricity access rate of 62%, unequally distributed between rural areas (23% access rate) and urban areas (92% access rate) [11,12]. The power outages are frequent, causing visible damages to households and industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi-Attribute Decision-Making: Applying a Modified Brown–Gibson Model and RETScreen Software to the Optimal Location Process of Utility-Scale Photovoltaic Plants

Yimen

Dagbasi

2019

Processes

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Due to environmental and economic drawbacks of fossil fuels, global renewable energy (RE) capacity has increased significantly over the last decade. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the fastest-growing RE technologies. Selecting an appropriate site is one of the most critical steps in utility-scale solar PV planning. This paper aims at proposing a rational multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach based on the Brown–Gibson model for optimal site selection for utility-scale solar PV projects. The proposed model considers the project’s net present value (NPV) along with seven suitability factors and six critical (constraint) factors. The RETScreen software was applied in calculating the NPV, the simple payback period and the carbon emission savings of the project at each alternative site. The weights of the suitability factors were determined using the analytical hierarchy process. Applied to the case study of finding the best location for a 5 MW solar PV project in northern Cameroon, the optimization results showed that Mokolo was the optimal location. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that the rankings of alternative sites based on the project’s NPV and the proposed model are not consistent. Compared to the traditional MCDM approaches, the proposed model provides decision-makers with a more practical thinking method in the optimal location process of utility-scale solar projects.

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“…In Zambia, Shane and Gheewala [50] estimate about 1.473 × 10 9 m 3 biogas from animal dung and 1.819 × 10 9 m 3 from crop residues. A study in Cameroon showed good prospects for biogas use as fuel for rural electrification, in a hybrid configuration combining biogas with photovoltaic, wind and pumped hydro [51]. Studies on biogas potential have been done in several other African countries.…”

Section: Overview Of Large Biogas Systems In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Commercial Biogas Systems and Lessons for Africa

2018

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Many African countries have vast biomass resources that could serve as feedstock for methane production through the adoption of commercial biogas plants. However, due to many inhibiting factors, these resources are under-utilised. This article reviews commercial biogas systems that treat organic waste from municipalities, large livestock farms, large plantations/crop farms, food/beverage production facilities, and other industries, to identify essential lessons which African countries could use to develop/disseminate such biogas systems. The review identified the critical barriers to commercial biogas development to be high initial capital costs, weak environmental policies, poor institutional framework, poor infrastructure and a general lack of willpower to implement renewable energy policies and set challenging targets. In African countries where feed-in-tariffs, quota obligations and competitive bidding programmes have been instituted, implementation has been poor, and most state-owned utilities have been unsupportive. Using knowledge from more experienced countries such as Germany and China, some key lessons have were identified. Among the key lessons is the need to institute and enforce environmental management policies to ensure that waste from medium and large livestock farms and industries are not disposed of indiscriminately, a tool China has recently used to promote commercial biogas plants to a high degree of success.

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Analyzing of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Biogas/Pumped-Hydro Off-Grid Hybrid System for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa—Case Study of Djoundé in Northern Cameroon

Cited by 111 publications

References 43 publications

Renewable Energy Options for a Rural Village in North Korea

Renewable Energy Options for a Rural Village in North Korea

Multi-Attribute Decision-Making: Applying a Modified Brown–Gibson Model and RETScreen Software to the Optimal Location Process of Utility-Scale Photovoltaic Plants

A Review of Commercial Biogas Systems and Lessons for Africa

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